Saturday, December 28, 2019

Definitions And Classification Of The American Nurses...

According to Keenan (1999), standardized nursing language is a â€Å"common language, readily understood by all nurses, to describe care† (p. 1 2). The American Nurses Association (ANA) has 13 recognized standardized nursing terminologies that support nursing practice. The following are the terminologies and the year they were recognized. 1. NANDA-I: nursing diagnosis, definitions and classification : 1992 2. Nursing intervention classification system (NIC) : 1992 3. Clinical care classification system (CCC) formerly home health care classification system (HHCC) : 1992 4. Omaha system: 1992 5. Nursing outcomes classification (NOC) : 1997 6. Nursing management minimum data set (NMMDS) : 1998 7. Perioperative nursing data set (PNDS) : 1999 8. SNOMED CT : 1999 9. Nursing minimum data set (NMDS) : 1999 10. International classification for nursing practice (ICNP): 2000 11. ABC codes: 2000 12. Logical observation identifiers names and codes (LOINC) : 2002 13. Patient care data set (PCDS) :Show MoreRelatedStandards Terminology Paper : Nursing Intervention Classification And The Nursing Outcome Classification1493 Words   |  6 Pages Standards Terminology Paper Elizaveta Pavlenko Frostburg State University Preface In standards terminology paper one patient’s assessment will be presented along with Nursing Diagnosis, Nursing intervention Classification and the Nursing Outcome Classification. In conclusion part of the paper, the summary of these systems will be provided. Clinical Encounter Mary Smith, Female, 56 years old, presented to Emergency Department with abnormal Chest Xray, fever, chills and generalized weaknessRead MoreStandards And Terminology Assignment : Nursing1630 Words   |  7 Pagesis critical to implement standards for nursing terminology. The Center for Nursing Classification and Effectiveness (CNC) is the organization responsible for ongoing research and development of the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcomes Classification (â€Å"Center for Nursing Classification and Effectiveness†, n.d.). The Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcomes Classification, â€Å"are standardized nursing terminologies focused on nursing treatments and patientRead MoreThe Classification Of E M Services1308 Words   |  6 Pagesservices performed by the APRN. The American Medical Association (AMA) establishes, maintains, and copyrights the CPT codes. The ï ¬ ve-digit number allocated to each code indicates a par ticular service or procedure. CPT codes provide a consistent description of the services rendered that is shared between medical practitioners, patients, and third parties. CPT codes dictate the amount of reimbursement to be paid to the APRN (Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society, 2012). According to the DepartmentRead MoreImproving Patient Outcomes For Nurses1005 Words   |  5 PagesThere are several standardized terminologies in the nursing practice. Some of these are the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). I have selected a patient scenario that will further explain these elements. There was a 27 year old man that was admitted to the hospital one week after a chemotherapy session, he had a fever of 102.5F, his white blood cell count was 0.3, and his absolute neutrophilRead MoreStandardized Nursing Language : A Nursing Vocabulary1539 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Systems in Healthcare July 2017 Running head: INFORMATION SYSTEMS PAPER 1 INFORMATION SYSTEMS PAPER 6 Standardized Nursing Language: A Nursing Vocabulary The National Association of School Nurses (NASN) states that standard nursing languages (SNL) are essential communication tools to assist in the planning, delivery and the evaluation of quality nursing care (Lundberg, 2008). Using a standardized nursing language for documentingRead MoreA Nursing Process Approach to Malignant Melanoma1155 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Policy is the most current definition of nursing that reflects the evolution of professional nursing. It defines nursing as: Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations (ANA, 2003). In theory and practice, the focus of nurses is on the response of the individualRead MoreObesity : A Health Policy Issue1153 Words   |  5 Pagespeople to consume more food. There has been a dramatic increase in the size/portion of the American diet and the content has shown increased portion of carbohydrates and reduced dietary fiber (Hong T., Glazer G., 2005). Although the aim was to ensure that there was food production enough to feed the nation, the down side includes increased prevalence of Diabetes (Gross L. F., Liu, 2004). ISSUE DEFINITION Obesity is quickly emerging as a major epidemic in the United States of America, partiallyRead MoreLeadership And The Graduate Nurse Role1144 Words   |  5 Pages Leadership and The Graduate Nurse Role Meha Patel South University â€Æ' Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role Leadership is a core competency in the field of advanced practice nursing (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy, O’Grady, 2014). Graduate level nurses exercise leadership across four major spheres including nursing profession, clinical practice environments, health policy, and at the system level. This paper provides and analysis of the author’s leadership style and attributes, a descriptionRead MoreFamily History Of Personality Disorders757 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ DEFINITION- Condition where the client disregards others feelings and behaves upon impulse to benefit themselves, without remorse for emotion/physical damages down to others. †¢ POSSIBLE CAUSE- According to Mayo Clinic: Cause is not yet identified. It is believed: †¢Brain damage may induce this disorder †¢Genetics may influence susceptibility †¢ RISK FACTORS- Childhood abuse or neglect Family history of personality disorders Diagnosis of other personality disorders †¢ SIGNS/SYMPTOMS- AccordingRead MoreHcs/533 - Definition of Terms Essay829 Words   |  4 PagesDefinition of Terms Technology today has revolutionized the health care realm, as technology evolves so does the environment promoting quality care for that in need. This presentation will explain multiple abbreviations needed to translate and describe AMR, CMR, CMS, along with CMS – 1500, and CPT. Also, explore the meaning of DRG, EPR, HL7, ICD – 9 codes, and UB – 92. MAR Medication administration record is a system put in place to document the administration of medications order verbally or

Friday, December 20, 2019

Columbine Columbine High Columbine - 927 Words

Eighteen years ago on April 20, 1999, two students identified as Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold besieged Columbine High School in Colorado. Infamously known now as the Columbine Massacre, it was, at the time, â€Å" the worst school shooting in U.S. history† (Obmascik, 1999, para. 1) with 15 causalities including the perpetrators themselves. Despite occurring in a small town in Colorado, the event shook the entire country. The shooting became a national ordeal as America watched the murders being broadcast[ed] locally and nationally on live television (Obmascik, 1999, para. 12). Moreover, as news outlets continuously published reports on the massacre, information unraveled and a story developed in real time. The events in Columbine gardened†¦show more content†¦8) Subsequently, eighteen years later the general public knows now that there were 15 causalities and 28 wounded as a result from Columbine. However, during the mayhem, many police officials were unable to determine the body count, as there were still active bombs within the school. It is also important to note, Obamsick is careful to report that the official death toll was not released until the morning of the articles publication. Student witnesses described the perpetrators dressed in black trench coats and masks that aimed their attacks at minorities and athletes before opening fire randomly. The article’s inclusion of accounts from the perpetrators’ peers particularly drew in audiences. High school senior Rachel Erbert described witnessing victims being shot: I saw (a teacher) on the floor bleeding from everywhere. He was trying to direct kids, but he couldn t talk, said Rachel Erbert, a 17-year-old senior. It was really scary. Kids were falling, and you d help them up. I thought I might get shot. (Obmascik, 1999, para. 13) Through the utilization of the eyewitnesses, audiences were able to visualize with vivid imagery what it was like to be in the midst of it. With the majority of the country asking why the shooting occurred, the Obmascik highlights many warning signs through the use of their witnesses. The article includes reports asking students ifShow MoreRelatedThe Columbine High School Massacre2062 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican life was changed forever as the news broke of what would come to be known as the Columbine High School Massacre. Immediately reporters and psychologists alike began to ask the question; why? What could cause Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, eighteen and seventeen respectively, to go off the deep end and commit one of the worst mass shootings in history? Both seniors had less than two months left in their high school career, why would they choose to commit this crime instead of graduating, movingRead More Columbine High School Essay2872 Words   |  12 PagesCOlumbine High S chool On the morning of April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold approach Columbine High School, in Jefferson County, Colorado. Armed with one 10-shot Hi-Point model 995 carbine rifle, one Intratec AB-10 (TEC-9) pistol, two Savage 12-gauge shotguns, and as many as ninety-five explosive devices, Harris and Klebold enter the school near the cafeteria. Upon doing so, they are met with the words that God commanded unto Moses on Mount Sinai: Thou Shall Not Kill. Harris and KleboldRead MoreThe Columbine High School Massacre1333 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past 30 years there have been a lot of events that have had an impact on the development of crisis intervention. One that really sticks out is the Columbine High School massacre. This event occurred on April 20, 1999 in Littleton Colorado. â€Å"On this very sad day two seniors Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris carried out a full blown assault on the school during school hours with hundreds of kids and teachers present† (Levy, 1999). These two had a plan to kill as many people as they possibly couldRead MoreColumbine High School Shooting: Why Did Columbine Occur1802 Words   |  8 PagesColumbine High School Shooting: Why did Columbine occur and what can be learned from it? Table of Contents: Part A: Identification and Evaluation of Sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Part B: Investigation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Part C: Reflection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Part A: Investigation and Evaluation of Sources: This investigation will explore the question: â€Å"Why did Columbine happen and what can be learned from it?†. This investigationRead MoreColumbine Shooting : A High School1575 Words   |  7 PagesPrep 1 18 April 2017 The Columbine Shooting On April 20, 1999, tragedy struck a Colorado high school. It started out as an ordinary spring day in Jefferson County, but it soon turned horrific. â€Å"The tragedy began at approximately 11:10 a.m. on that sunny Tuesday,† (Gimpel 27), right around lunchtime. No one could have anticipated the events that would soon follow, devastating the otherwise average suburban town. The lives of the students of Columbine High School and their families wouldRead MoreThe Columbine High School Massacre890 Words   |  4 PagesIn later years, the Columbine High School Massacre reflected tales of adolescents captured by darkness where they took part in an evangelical youth movement (Pike 647). This movement caused an uproar in legislation involving church and state (Pike 647). The massacre also effected public school dress codes and behavior policies, and most importantly, shaped Americans’ reasoning about teens deviance and normality (Pike 647). September 2006, six years later, Dawson College in Montreal had an incidentRead MoreThe Columbine High School Massacre Essay1938 Words   |  8 PagesThe topic that I have chosen to do my research on is that of Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold who are infamously known for their rolls in the Columbine High School Massacre that occurred in 1999. I choose this incident for my research based on the amount of school place violence that is being seen more and more rampant in today’s society. This paper will cover the background and events of that horrible day, the individual break down of both Harris and Klebolds demographics, define the crime committedRead MoreThe Columbine High School Shooting1529 Words   |  7 Pagesmoment- and allowing them to move together and reinvent the rules and techniques; readjusting and shifting until something that works is sealed into standard procedure. From turmoil and hurt, humanity corrects itself and grows. Of these events, the Columbine High Sch ool shooting comes to many as one that completely morphed America s culture and sense of security. The assault was carried out by Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, students of the school and close friends. They had nourished the idea, feedingRead MoreThe Columbine High School Massacre1384 Words   |  6 Pagesdate of your book. Columbine, Dave Cullen, 2009. What is the primary topic with which this book deal? The Columbine High School massacre, including the shooting, investigation and aftermath, is the primary topic of this book. Give a summary of the book (4-6 Sentences). Eric Harris, an undiagnosed psychopath, and Dylan Klebold, a depressive, strategically planned and placed bombs in their school, Columbine High School, and cars, but the explosives did not detonate. The Colorado high school seniors shotRead MoreColumbine High School Shooting Shootings1147 Words   |  5 PagesColumbine High School Shooting On April 20th, 1999 in Jefferson County, two seniors started a school massacre at Columbine High School. The attackers names Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, both students were 17. There was extensive planning and a lot of major events that happened with the two before the shooting. When the attack was underway, a bunch of key events took place inside the school. Then, the information that was found out after the whole incident, containing the skills and personalities

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Coloring In My Numbness free essay sample

Color is generally defined as the visual reflection of light off an object. For a maximum understanding of my essay, however, try to think about color as rather a feeling or a state of being. When a person is sad, we say he feels blue. The first color to come to thought with anger is generally a bright red. In the occurrence of traumatic events, the human brain has the extraordinary power to shield itself from the overwhelming colors with grey. Grey is a lack of color and for our purpose a lack of feelings: numb. My story is that of a colorblind woman learning to see. My first glimpse of color transpired at the Humane Society. It was somewhat of a glittering, pale pink that occurred as Joe, a seven-year-old Rottweiler mix with flea-bitten ears and a scabbed neck from life on a chain wagged his tail for the first time. We will write a custom essay sample on Coloring In My Numbness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hope, I believe is what it’s called. Then there was the time Larry, the aging cashier at the Shell gas station said for the hundredth time â€Å"Tea’s on me today, Bracelets,† And I felt earnestly orange. This was not the smile that I’d used countlessly on my family, my friends, at parties, at school. This smile was happy. One night I showed the scars littering my hips and wrist to a boy and instead of cringing or questioning he leaned down and kissed them. That color’s a tough one to describe. Poets have been falling short of it for centuries. Little things triggered small bouts of color. These were soon overpowered and washed away by the bleakness until I was able to remember what it was like to see the world saturated in intensity. I remembered it’s better that way. It was hard at first, trying to adjust my mind to it. I was so accustomed to hearing good news and forcing a smile. So used to drowning the pain until there was none. I had to throw myself back into life, engaging my mind in every possible way. I spent more hours volunteering. I stopped faking emotions, stopped saying things I didn’t mean and most importantly, I let myself live. To live is something we define too loosely, I think. It’s not to breathe or talk or party. To live is to view every color at its brightest. Not all of the colors that I’ve learned to see again have been pleasant ones. There’s the dark green when I’m taking a test and don’t know the answer, the muck brown when I forget my self-worth. And red. There’s a red so bright it burns me when I see suffering that I can’t help. Contrasting colors create a neutral just as contrasting feelings create a balance. I’ve learned never to wish the pain away or we might just lose the happiness, too. Finding my way back to it, coloring in my numbness, has been one of the hardest and most rewarding experiences of my life.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Counter Reformation Essay Example For Students

Counter Reformation Essay In order to understand the Counter Reformation one must consider the political factors and motivators behind them as well as the belief factors when examining clashes with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church during 16th century experienced a reformation that was both politically and belief driven. The Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation allowed the church to clearly define its position, eliminate unchristian practices and examine its role in world. This paper will address the political motivators of the Counter Reformation, the unchristian practices that fueled corruption and the clearly defined religious concerns of reformers. It will establish that the use of patronage and nepotism ultimately undermined the spiritual piety of the church. Also, the movements that brought spirituality back to the church will be addressed along with those movements that led to separation from church. In detailing the events and character of this era and analyzing the outcomes of reform it will be concluded that the Counter Reformation was the beginning of a stronger church and an end to an era that quite possibly could have led to the dissolution of the Catholic Church. One must understand the political make up of the Catholic Church during this period prior to addressing the reforms to the church. The church was far more than a religious institution. The Catholic Church was supreme in Europe. The power of the pope was total and this was supplemented by the power the Holy Roman Emperor had as temporal defender of the Catholic Church. Even though the church had no determinate territory it was a state. It had a monarch as a pope, it princes in prelates and its subjects in Western Christendom. It had legislative assemblies in ecumenical councils, a constitution in cannon law, and fiscal agency in the Curia. It went to war, negotiated treaties and collected taxies. The church was the Holy Roman Empire with a stronghold throughout Europe. But this would quickly change. (www. History) At the time of the reformation there was great concern that the Old Church with all its history and tradition was in trouble. This concern came from both within the church and outside the church. Protestant and Catholic reformers alike were troubled by the corruption in the church and its inner workings. Reformers saw that the Christian faith had in many ways been taken captive by a religious system more interested in politics and social accomplishment than in following the example of Christ. They saw the church and its leadership filled with corruption and greed. The Renaissance popes who led the church were not spiritual leaders. Those at the top of the clergy were wealthy and lived lavish lifestyles. They indulged in nepotism, power politics and patronage. Furthermore, the priests at the bottom were poor and unable to administer to the multiple parishes in their charge. Thus it can be said that Counter Reformation was a response to a need for clarity in purpose. But also, one can also say that the Counter Reformation was a natural and necessary response to the Protestant reformation. Catholic reform was slow until after the Protestant Revolution began to make serious in roads upon the ancient faith. A variety of Protestant sects had made their ways into almost half the nations of the Europe by the 16th century. Catholics were dismayed by the great increase in unorthodoxy. Many claim that the Counter Reformation was initiated to win back lost souls. Thus it can be said that the Counter Reformation was a response to maintain and gain back the followers. (Bossy) There were a variety of movements that initiated reform within the church. The Catholic Church during the Middles Ages had lost much as a religious institution. During this period ignorance and corruption in the church was insidious. One only has to look at the church leaders in Spain as evidence. Some priest didnt even understand the Latin in the mass, monks kept concubines and clerics ran taverns and brothels. In response steps were taken toward reform as early as the end of the 15th century. This initial reform from within started as a grassroots effort by zealous monastic groups. Reformers like Cardinal Jimenez realized that the only way to succeed in the war against heresy was to reform the church. Jimenez devoted his life to reforming and educating the clergy. His work came on the heals of the Spanish Inquisition. Through his works the Spanish church by the time of his death in 1517 rested on a moral foundation of iron. Yet Christianity throughout the rest of Europe was sinking deeper into scandal and corruption. (103TL) Another initiative that led to reform was the revival of mysticism and monasticism. Both mysticism and monasticism gave the Churchs followers a more personal relationship with God. Actually one can look to Teresa of Avila as an example. Her reconversion to the faith led to the establishment of 17 convents of the Carmelite Order. Through her works a movement of Christianity arose that could be practiced and experienced from within the believer. This kind of reform was another factor why the Protestant movement did not take hold in Spain. Followers had faith that stressed personal devotion so why would they look to change faiths. (Bell and Sumner) Like Spain reform had begun in the churchs strong hold Italy prior to the Counter Reformation. There were reasons that Protestantism did gain the firm foothold it gained in the north. Most prosperous Italians were secularly and humanistically inclined and found little in the dour doctrines of the north to inspire a transfer of allegiance, they also saw Catholicism as a buttress of social order. The papacy was a cherished institution and the source of great wealth which few cared to see destroyed. Reform in Italy was largely motivated by monastic groups that were compelled to spread their religion and due good works. (103Simon ) The revival of Monasticism strengthened during the Counter Reformation. The reforming monasteries were known to address the social and religious needs of the masses. Orders like the Capuchins, the Theatines, and the Barbanites began to appear. Probably the most important new order was the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits were founded by the great reformer Ignatius of Loyola. The Jesuits emphasized obedience to Christ and the Church of Rome. They devoted themselves to service to God. The Jesuits were a highly selective order and they only welcomed those who spirituality reflected Loyola. One must be willing to engage in unquestionable obedience to the Pope in this order. The mission of the Jesuits was to educate the young, lead the Protestant back to Catholicism and take the Catholic message to the world. The Jesuit Order made the church stronger in that it brought back standards of Catholic priests. Their mission was huge, it was the whole world and their efforts led to the spread of Christianity outside of Europe. Their efforts strengthened the church and increased the number of followers. The renewed Church of the latter 16th Century was largely a product of the Jesuits. (Koch) Another group that favored reform was the humanists. The humanists were a scholarly group that was well versed on the Bible. They knew that the Catholic Church needed to reform from within if it was to look anything like what written about in the Book of Acts. Their concern was addressed through the working of Contarini. Battle Of The Sexes EssayIn order to maintain a following and to perform ones duties bishops who lived outside their dioceses were ordered to return. This was the end to pluralism and believers would have leaders in their dioceses. Celibacy for priest was upheld. The coverting would end. Bishops were ordered to eliminate abuses surrounding the granting of indulgences. This was clearly in reference to the corruption and Luther. Each diocese that did not have a university was to set up a seminary for training priests. This was to maintain the stronghold of the church and gain followers. To strengthen and direct the religious teachings the pope was to follow up the meetings with a catechism, a book of daily prayers for priests and an index of forbidden books that contradicted the faith . a commission composed a missal that standardized prayers and ritual of the mass. A reform that would clarify the teachings. All and all the most positive effect of the Council is that it did reform many of the church abuses. Religious orders returned to their rules, and new orders were founded to undertake the reform started by the council. Reform was achieved by the council of Trent but not unity. A strengthened church would be able to rebuild and grow. The council of Trent failed to reunite the followers of Protestant sects. The decisions for reform came too late and most of the decisions supported Catholic teaching. In addition, the period of the Council of Trent was marred by a revival of inquisition most notably in Spain. As one takes a closer look at the inner workings of the Council of Trent it is clearly evident that the proceedings were politically motivated by the papal authority. There was a difference of opinion about the function of the council, particularly between Paul and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who had been calling for reform for a long time. Spain had long since reformed, and was the only place in modern day Europe with little or no Protestantism. Charles expected the council to clean up the church, remove abuses etc. that he believed were causing the flow of Catholic defectors. Paul however, had no such wish. He believed that drawing up in black and white what was acceptable and what was heretical to the church, in defense to the Protestant attacks on Catholic beliefs. Although at the time it was agreed to look at both complaints simultaneously, as it turned out, Paul had little intention of looking at the issue of abuses. Because of this, Charles quickly lost interest in the council, meaning that there was now no France and no Spain attending the council, leaving the way open for the Pope to have a freer run of the council, which he did. He focused on the exact recording of Catholic beliefs; this was intended to force Catholics who sympathized with some Protestant beliefs, to decide one way or another whose side they were on. This is what it did, rather successfully. Paul was not interested in reaching any kind of compromise with the Protestants; instead he wished to oust them from the Church, as far as he was concerned, they were heretics, who would burn in hell for the rest of eternity. For him to compromise with them would be a heretical act in itself. Also ignored were the protests of Catholic humanist theologians, who had for some time believed that reform was necessary, and who also believed that with the arrival of the council, these matters would be addressed. This was not the case, and the theologians that attended the council to put across their point of view, were usually outmaneuvered by the council Legates, who although being mainly of an Italian nationality, were seen generally as neutral chairmen. These legates quite often employed Jesuit theologians to argue their cases for them. This was extremely effective; indeed, one could say that they were the reason that a lot of Protestant arguments never really got off the ground. (coursework. web) Another implication of Council of Trent was in the calling together of a council. Many believed like Luther that a council should be called to address issues concerning the papacy, not the pope addressing the issues. There had been great fear of conciliatory meetings prior to the Council of Trent because it was believed by the popes that the council would try to take papal control away from the Pope. And in all actuality the Council of Trent reflected this concern. The 270 bishops who attended the Council of Trent were mainly Italians which were a great bonus to the pope as they were under his control. So it can be said that what passed at Trent was what was acceptable to the Pope. The problem of patronage that was so evident in this society was actually playing a role in the Council of Trent. But that would change with a reformed church. Patronage is for the most part power-who gets it, who keeps it, and what they do with it. Power in this case is the control over the behaviors of others, and it may be derived from physical force, control over scarce economic resources, social prestige, or a mix of all of these. Patronage is an indirect for of power, a patron influences the behaviors of others in order in order to advance or withdraw benefits. The debt which his clients have allows the patron the ability to manipulate them; his control over their behaviors gives him power. (Kettering) In a society based on favors the Counter-Reformation was in some instances a shift of power. Prior to the Reformation the wealthy and privileged had the opportunity to place members of their families, kin into the clergy. Actually some patrons were able to expand their power through this method. For power and privilege were the driving forces of the Renaissance Italian society. During the Counter-Reformation after the Council of Trent a large shift in power occurred in Italy. The Pope who was once a large political figure in Italy had lost his political power but gained Religious Power. Patrons, who had dispersed kin as clergy members all over Italy, also lost power. Their power of placement of clergy was no longer allowed and bishops were given the choice of where clergy members should be located. The Political power that had once belonged to both the Pope and the Patrons had now been given to the sovereigns of the separated nations, who full well knew that in the Council of Trent their power would grow. The Council of was a turning-point in the Catholic Church. There was a certainty in practices and beliefs, the churchs foundation had been strengthened and there was a base to grow. Catholicism had reestablished itself and it was a force to be dealt with. By the end of the sixteenth century the Catholic Church was still making some serious reforms. This reform movement which extended into the seventeenth century raised moral and educational standards of the clergy. All inspired by the church with a new zeal and morale. One must conclude that reform was needed.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Legal Environment Torts and Product Liability

Introduction A tort is a civil wrong that is committed as a breach of duty owed to somebody else. The law of torts covers different topics like false imprisonment, auto accidents, product liability and slander and libel. Environmental pollution may also be included in such a case. The person who suffers is supposed to be compensated by the person who is liable or responsible for the injury inflicted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Environment: Torts and Product Liability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of economic torts is to ensure that individuals are protected from a possible interference in their business or trade operations. As a form of a case law, product liability ensures that manufacturers, distributors as well as the retailers of a product bear responsibility in the event that a product that they offer to the market results in any injury to the consumers. This is because they are the on es who make customers access the product and hence should be ready to explain the injury in question. In this case, they should be able to maintain their responsibility for any action. In a legal environment, a specific case can be said to be frivolous if it has little or no chance of being won in the courts (Coase, 1990, p.4). The claim is termed frivolous if it is found to be rather absurd. This might be regardless of the legal standing that the case seems to be portraying at that particular time. In some occasions, the case might be prohibited by the law. On the other hand, a case can only be certified to be frivolous after a proper investigation has been done. The legal environment plays an integral role in business and can either make the environment (business) favorable or unfavorable. Companies continue to face lawsuits as a result of their business activities and this study will look at two cases that have manifested themselves in recent years. Discussion Facts We have two c ases where both complainants sued for what they considered to be damages done on them. In the first case, Stella Liebeck sued McDonalds for damages from the third degree burns she sustained from hot McDonalds coffee that she spilled on her lap while seated in her car (Ted, 2005, p. 16). The key fact about this case is that Stella was not driving when she pulled the lid off but rather she was on the passenger’s seat. She had ordered for coffee from the drive-through window of the company’s franchised restaurant. At that particular time, it was her grandson who was driving the car. The incident took place as the grandson attempted to pull over the car so that she could have time to add cream and sugar to her coffee. By the time this occurred, the hot cup of coffee was between her knees.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After the coffee spilled, she had to sit in the puddle of hot liquid for over 90 seconds. In addition, she was seriously burned and needed treatment and rehabilitation for almost two years. This was after she sustained 6-16% burns on her skin thereby undergoing skin grafting. In the second case, Roy L. Pearson sued Custom Cleaners for several million dollars for damages resulting from a lost pair of trousers (Fisher, 2007, p. 8). The company in question was a dry cleaning establishment owned by the Chungs. The allegations were that the son took the pants to be dry cleaned but the dry cleaner delayed in delivering them back to the client because he had sent these to a different dry cleaner by mistake. When the pants were returned to Pearson after the expiry of his pick up date, he declined to have them, claiming that these were not his pants. This made him to launch a lawsuit against the dry cleaners. Issues In the case of Liebeck, she had sought to settle the issue with the company. She only wanted $ 20,000 to settle her medical costs which were in real essence $ 11,000. The company did not see it realistic to pay her this amount and offered $800 (Gerlin, 1994, p. 9). After the company refused to increase this amount, she sought the services of a Texas attorney (Reed Morgan) to file a suit in a New Mexico district court. In the suit, they accused McDonalds of gross negligence. They said that the company was selling defectively manufactured and unreasonably dangerous coffee. McDonalds refused to agree to any settlements outside the court as they could not come to terms with any of Morgan’s offers. In forwarding and arguing their case they said that the company served extremely hot coffee that did not conform to the industry recommended temperatures. The company’s franchises served coffee at 180 -190F. Given the high temperature level, it was established that the coffee could have inflicted burns on the victims in a very short time, between two and seven seconds. From Pearson’s case, he demanded the price of the pants as his compensation (Steiner, 2007, p. 12). The amount in question here was $1000 which was turned down by the owners of the company (Chungs). After failing to agree, he filed the case in the District of Columbia superior court. In advancing his case, Pearson had two points of argument.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Environment: Torts and Product Liability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first claim said that the pair of pants in question was not the original one he had given the drycleaners to clean. In the second claim he had an issue with the signs posted outside the business. According to Pearson, the signs at the business premises were a real distraction because of the guarantee by the business premises to offer same day delivery service. In this case, the dry cleaner did not fulfill this promise. What law applies? The law has clear guidelines on what should be d one in cases of product negligence and liability. In such cases, the injured has to show that the defendant did not use reasonable care in manufacturing and designing the product. The manufacturer is also supposed to give adequate warnings in advance so that customers are made aware (Koppel, 2010, p. 14). In cases of strict liability of tort, the plaintiff has to prove that he was injured by the product. It must also be proved beyond reasonable doubt that the injury came about as a result of a defect in the product. The defect should have existed from the time the product left the manufacturer and continued being there. The law is clear that customers should be protected from unsafe products. Because the products end up causing injury to their consumers, manufacturers are supposed to bear the costs of the injuries. When a product lacks adequate warnings, instructions or even labels, then it is deemed defective. In filing cases, the injured must prove that the manufacturers did not g ive adequate instructions on the products. When a consumer is aware of a potential risk and assumes it, the manufacturer can not be held liable for any injury caused (Steiner, 2007, p. 9). In cases of intentional tort, the complainant is supposed to prove that there was a voluntary act or intent. There must be a tangible prove that there was causation of the problem in question. If the plaintiff agreed to the act there might be no case to be argued in this scenario. Intentional torts are supposed to protect individuals from any kind of injury and ensure that their properties are safe. In the long run, they are supposed to take care of business relationships and economic interests of all the parties involved. This could also result in emotional distress on a victim as a result of the defendant’s outrageous conduct. Whenever a person is subjected to severe emotional suffering, there is a case to be answered by the accused (Gerlin, 1994, p. 6). In extreme cases, there should be no proximate or actual causation of any emotional distress to a given individual. The law does not allow any trespass to personal property. In a broad sense, it does not have any provision for altering personal property. An individual does not have any moral authority to control the property of another person in any given case.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What did the judge and/or jury decide? In Liebeck’s case the verdict was reached by a twelve person jury. Using the comparative negligence principle, the jury reached a conclusion that McDonald’s was to blame for the incident in question. In addition, Liebeck was found to be 20% responsible as a result of her fault. It is quite clear that the coffee had a warning on it but the jury was of the opinion that it was not large enough to be noticed by the complainant. As a result they were able to award her compensatory damages worth $ 200, 000 which was later reduced by 20% to $160, 000.Liebeck was also awarded punitive damages worth $2.7 million (Gerlin, 1994, 3). This was settled at because the company was estimated to collect $1.35 million per day. The punitive damages were reduced to $ 480,000. These figures were disputed by both McDonalds and Liebeck. Later on they decided for an out of court settlement of not more than $ 600,000.After the Chungs presenting three conse cutive offers which were rejected by Pearson the court made a concern that the plaintiff was acting in bad faith. Some issues were ruled in their favor of the Chungs but the judges were convinced that they had a case to answer. The trial to this case came to a close in 2007. In this case, the judge handed victory to the dry cleaners. She also awarded them court costs which were pursuant to a motion (Koppel, 2010, p. 23). The Chungs later on withdrew this motion to shy away from being given the court costs. In addition, the court had taken a judicial notice of Pearson’s divorce proceedings. This decision was not received well by Pearson who had an issue with the ruling where he said that the court had made numerous errors that needed to be looked into again (Koppel, 2010, p. 17). On the other hand, the Chungs moved to recover $83,000 in attorney’s fees (Koppel, 2010, p. 13). Appropriate decision based on the applicable law In both cases, the judges made the best and app ropriate decisions in relation to the law. Starting from Liebecks case the company had a case to answer. It is evident that there were numerous cases that had been filed in relation to McDonalds products. The cases are estimated to be 700. This therefore raises a question about the company’s commitment to resolve this issue even when it had foreseen it coming (through the cases filled). Although the coffee cup had a warning, it was not satisfactory enough to be able to capture the attention of the customer and this can be said to be negligence (Bainbridge, 2004, p. 11). Under normal circumstances, the law is clear that manufactures are supposed to put on their products warnings, guidelines and instructions. This is supposed to help customers in using the product thereby avoiding any accidents that can lead to injury. The complainant was able to prove beyond reasonable doubt that indeed he had been injured while using the product. Because the product ended up causing injury to the consumer, McDonald is supposed to bear the costs of the injuries (Gerlin, 1994, p. 5). As a matter of fact the judges were fair in awarding Stella the money she got. In the second case of Pearson the ruling was fair as the dry cleaners had not contravened any law. There was no evidence that they had breached any law in handling his pants. In fact the pants were ready for collection at the agreed date. The judge did not see any case that the dry cleaners were supposed to answer. When a person is subjected to a severe emotional suffering; there is a case to be answered by the accused. In extreme cases there should be no proximate or actual causation of any emotional distress to a given individual. This is not seen in this case as Pearson has no strong basis of argument. As a matter of fact, the dry cleaners had proved that the pants belonged to Pearson as their records and receipts (in his possession) proved them right. Ethical issues There are notable ethical issues in the cases . The judges had professional ethical issues to look at. Professional ethical issues do not differ from the legal issues. Judges were supposed to ensure that they give the cases the necessary professional approach at their disposal (Bainbridge, 2004, p. 21). This was to be done in relation to the law. Since these were distinct cases they needed to be guided by what the law says about a certain issue. Professionalism is an ethical issue that goes well with the legal issues. In giving sound rulings, the judges ensured that they have adhered to the legal issues as far as their profession dictates. Therefore, it can be said that this ethical issue did not differ with the legal issues put in place. Another ethical issue was from the way the suits were filed. They were supposed to be filed on the existing legal framework. Liebeck can be said to have followed the right ethical issue by presenting a genuine case. It is ethical to be genuine with the complaints we put forward and they should not contravene the legal issues (we have to in cooperate). Hence, in this case it can be said that the ethical issues did not differ with the legal issues. There is an extreme case where the ethical issue does differ with the legal issue. Ethically Pearson’s case does not have any legal basis that can support it (Koppel, 2010, p. 20). In filing the case, it would have been wise for him to know if it is worth what it takes instead of him going ahead yet he had no prove that the dry cleaners had lost his pants. In a legal environment, ethical issues can help to reinforce and enhance legal issues that will promote professionalism. Through this, there is bound to be sincere and genuine frameworks of solving legal related issues. Is either one or both of these cases frivolous? In a legal environment, a case can be said to be frivolous if it has little or no chance of winning in the courts. The claim is termed frivolous if it is found to be rather absurd. This might be regardless of the legal standing that the case seems to be portraying at a particular time. In some occasions the cases might be prohibited by law. On the other hand, a case can only be certified to be frivolous after proper investigation has been done. The first case of Liebeck does not have any signs of being frivolous based on the way it was approached. She was right to file a suit against the company after looking at it from a winning point of view, this was guided by the fact that 700 cases had been advanced about the company before. One can not term this case absurd because there was concrete evidence that she had been burnt by the company’s product and hence the need to file it. The coffee that burnt her was produced at high temperatures (that were much higher) than what other competitors were offering in the market (Ted, 2005, p. 13). In making the ruling, the Judge acknowledged that coffee (from McDonalds) had instructions. In addition these instructions were not comprehensive enough. If the instructions would have been clearer and understandable enough she could not have burnt herself. This case can not be termed frivolous because it had not been presumed so by law. The law is able to identify such cases and know how to deal with them. Such cases are normally considered to be baseless. The second case of Pearson was frivolous because the law prohibits such a case. An example is from the way the magistrate threw it away without seeing any basis of argument. This case does not any basis of argument as it looks too absurd that he is suing the dry cleaners yet they gave him his pants (Koppel, 2010, p. 12). The dry cleaners have proved beyond reasonable doubt that they are genuine. To prove that they had the original pants they gave out the records and receipts of sales. Cases need to be well evaluated before they are filed to ensure that they are not frivolous at all. This is necessary to ensure that the legal frameworks are efficient in solving any business problem that arises. Business owners Business owners have faced various problems in relation to their products. Their products have either been defective or they have ended up injuring those using them. These kinds of problems are expected but caution has to be taken as they have adverse effects if they turn out to be true. This is because the company might end up paying a lot of money in damages or compensation. As a matter of fact, this eats into their profits. Although the two cases are distinct, there is a way that the owners could have prevented them from occurring. The owners or management of McDonalds had done everything possible to ensure that customers read instructions on the use of their coffee (Coase, 1990, p.14). This is laudable as customers need such directions and guidelines to be able to use the products effectively. The only loophole they have not sealed is their inability to ensure that the instructions are well laid out and clearly visible to their consumers (Te d, 2005, p. 26). Through this, they could have avoided this problem. They need to ensure that this is done so that any other future lawsuits on this basis end up being baseless. McDonalds have served their coffee in high temperatures to ensure that they stay hot for a long time. There have been complaints that their coffee is too hot compared to what other competitors are offering in the market. Because of this, they could have reduced the temperatures (that their coffee should have) as it could not have resulted into serious burns. The problem was made worse by the high percentage of burns that Liebeck sustained and this could be avoided. McDonalds needs to ensure that there is a lot of consumer awareness on the use of their products in future. This can be explained from the fact that the complainant also made a mistake by putting the hot cup of coffee between her knees. In normal circumstances an enlightened consumer can not do such a mistake. The owners of custom cleaners could a lso have avoided this problem. They could have labeled the pants and other clothes well so that they don’t go to other dry cleaners as this seemed to be the basis of Pearson’s lawsuit. In future, they need to ensure that they avoid such petty mistakes that can end up being costly. On the other hand, they should ensure that they deliver on time as expected by customers to avoid any inconveniences. This is necessary as the customer can sue them for subjecting him/her to emotional suffering. In addition, they need to enhance their record keeping as the problem seems to have emanated from there. Conclusion The key fact about the first case is that Stella was not driving when she pulled the lid off but rather she was on the passenger’s seat. She had ordered for coffee from the drive-through window of the company’s franchised restaurant. In the second case, Roy L. Pearson sued Custom Cleaners for several million dollars for damages resulting from a lost pair of trousers. The company in question was a dry cleaning establishment owned by the Chungs. In both cases, the judges made the best and appropriate decisions in relation to the law. Starting from Liebecks case the company had a case to answer. It is evident that there were numerous cases that had been filed in relation to McDonalds products. The cases are estimated to be 700. This therefore raises a question about the company’s commitment in resolving this issue even when it had foreseen it coming (through the cases filled). In the second case of Pearson, the ruling was fair as the dry cleaners had not contravened any law. There was no evidence that they had breached any law in handling his pants. In fact, the pants were ready for collection at the agreed date. The judge did not see any case that the dry cleaners were supposed to answer. Reference List Bainbridge, S. 2004. Trial lawyer propaganda at KOS. Retrieved from https://www.professorbainbridge.com/professorbainbridgecom/2 004/08/trial-lawyerjohn-edwards-propaganda-at-kos.html Coase, H. 1990. The Firm, the Market and the Law. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Fisher, M. 2007. Wearing Down the Judicial System with a Pair of Pants. Washington D.C: The Washington Post. Gerlin, A. 1994. A Matter of Degree: How a Jury decided that a Coffee Spill is worth $2.9 Million. USA: Washington DC. Koppel, N. 2010. Pants judge: Roy Pearson strikes out in court. Washington D.C: The Washington Post. Steiner, E. 2007. More on the Verdict in Pearson v. Custom Cleaners. Washington D.C: The Washington Post. Ted, F. 2005. Urban legends and Stella Liebeck and the McDonald’s coffee case. Retrieved from https://www.overlawyered.com/2005/10/urban-legends-and-stella-liebeck-and-the-mcdonalds-coffee-case/ This essay on Legal Environment: Torts and Product Liability was written and submitted by user Ronald Nunez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity

The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity Introduction From medieval times, the conflict between employers and workers has existed in the labor sector. During the 19th and 20th centuries, labor sectors witnessed a number of transformations. Owing to constant poor working conditions, extended working hours, poor remuneration, and exploitation by employers, workers devised strategies of advocating for their grievances (Yellen, 1974).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among other strategies, workers formed trade unions and used them to present their grievance collectively to their employers. Historical conflicts between employers and workers have always centered on the struggle for power in the workplace. According to Ashenfelter (1969), states workers perceived that by forming trade unions, they would have a high bargaining power that would enable them to advocate for thei r demands. Despite the presence of labor unions, workers occasionally employed riots and strikes as strategies of advocating for their grievances and enhancing their solidarity. When trade unions and employers failed to reach an agreement on their demands, workers resorted to riots and strikes as effective strategies of advocating for their demands and grievances. Therefore, this thesis argues that labor unions, riots, and strikes were effective strategies that workers employed to enhance their solidarity at their workplace during the industrialization period. Strategies of Solidarity Labor Unions Labor union was one of the effective strategies that workers used in enhancing their solidarity at their workplace. Labor union promoted solidarity and oneness among workers in various organizations and companies. To enhance solidarity among workers, union leaders encouraged them to form unions so that they could undertake collective bargaining of their demands in aspects such as wages, sa laries, working conditions, and contractual terms. According to Wolman (1975), what promoted the growth of trade unions in America was the determination of workers to improve their working conditions and prevent exploitation by employers. In their determination, the founders of trade unions argued that solidarity of the workers was fundamental in enhancing their bargaining power in the labor sector. With enhanced bargaining power, workers were able to advocate for their demands and improve their solidarity. Therefore, labor unions proved to be effective in enhancing solidarity among workers in their workplace.Advertising Looking for thesis on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the ability to increase the bargaining power of workers and enhance their solidarity, labor unions also experienced a number of shortcomings. Johnson (1969) argues that trade unions were capable of causing massive strikes and demo nstrations, which eventually halted the industrial activities and operations. The strikes had a disruptive effect on the growth of industries and countries, as well as on their economies. As labor unions catered for workers who were members of the union only, it resulted in discrimination of those workers who were not members to the unions. Many employers, therefore, hired workers who were not members of the unions and subjected them to atrocities and exploitations that related to work. The discrimination hampered the power of workers’ unity and solidarity in their workplace, which was the core component of the labor union. Riots Workers also employed riots in the 19th and 20th centuries to enhance their solidarity at the workplace. Since riots were very destructive, employers had no alternative except to stop the riots by addressing workers demands and grievances urgently. David (1963) states that the results of the riots were beneficial to the workers as it encouraged them to come together and compelled the employers to address their demands and grievances. However, it was detrimental to the organizations as they incurred losses from these riots. When employees felt that the organization, industry, or company was exploiting them they would organize riots to create a platform that they could use in presenting their grievances to their employers. A good example is the Haymarket riot in 1886, which took place in the state of Chicago. As a result, riots were very instrumental in enhancing solidarity of workers in the workplace during the industrial period. Despite their effectiveness, riots had a number of disadvantages such as widespread destruction of industrial infrastructure and loss of lives. For instance, the Haymarket riot, which took place in the state of Chicago, caused the deaths of seven police officers and four workers.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Late 19th and Early 20th Century to Build Solidarity specifica lly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Riots also affected the growth and the economic development of those areas adjacent to the industries that experienced frequent riots of workers. Riots affected economic activities because businesses and other operations within the vicinity took days or even months to resume normal operations (Foster, 1920). In spite of the destructive nature of riots, workers employ them when portraying their unity and advocating for their demands. Strikes Workers also used strikes as a strategy to enhance their solidarity. When workers felt that their employers were undermining or exploiting them without addressing their grievances and demands properly, they usually organized strikes. The Homestead strike in Pennsylvania is one of the notable strikes used by workers in presenting their views. Strikes brought workers together since it would address their challenges, and thus enabled them achieve their unity and oneness. Lens (1973) a rgues that strikes were beneficial because they compelled employers to address grievances of workers appropriately. Strikes also helped to bring workers together and make them to achieve the much-needed solidarity. Strikes were also instrumental in the creation of labor unions. In this perspective, strikes played a major role in the late 19th century and the early 20th century in enhancing workers’ solidarity at the workplace. Although strikes played an important role in uniting workers and enhancing their solidarity, it had a number of shortcomings. In the late19th century and early 20th century, many economies of countries such as the United States and Britain were highly dependent on industries. According to Olzak (1989), labor unrest and strikes halted worker operations in these industries until employers and workers came to an agreement regarding the demands of workers. The strikes greatly affected the industrial operations in these countries as well as their economies.A dvertising Looking for thesis on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the strikes also put some workers in a dilemma because they wanted to remain loyal to their employers or abide by the requirements of striking workers, and risk losing their jobs. Another challenge posed by strikes is that small business enterprises sometimes had to close down, since strikes would incur them losses and completely cripple their operations. Despite these shortcomings, strikes were effective in enhancing workers’ solidarity at the workplace. Conclusion Workers’ solidarity was critical in that it created a platform that helped workers to present their grievances and demands to their employers. The solidarity of workers also enhanced strength and bargaining power of workers, thus enabling them to advocate for the improvement of working conditions and remuneration. The solidarity also ensured that workers accessed standard working hours and good working relationships. It is of significant to note that strategies employed by workers in promoting their solidarity in the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries were effective and practical. Hence, a critical aspect is that these strategies reflect on the contemporary societies. References Ashenfelter, O., Pencavel, H. (1969). American trade union growth: 1900-1960. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1(1), 434-448. Coates, D. (2000). Models of capitalism: Growth and stagnation in the modern era. London: Cambridge University Press. David, H. (1963). The History of the Haymarket Affair. New York: Collier Books. Foster, W. Z. (1920). The great steel strike and its lessons. New York: BW Huebsch. Grob, N., Billias, A. (2010). Interpretations of American History: Since 1877. New York: Simon and Schuste. Johnson, G. E., Ashenfelter, O. (1969). Bargaining theory, trade unions, and industrial strike activity. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 35-49. Lens, S. (1973). The labor wars: from the Molly Maguires to the sitdowns. London: Doubleday. Olzak, S. (1989). Labor unrest, i mmigration, and ethnic conflict in urban America, 1880-1914. American Journal of Sociology, 94(6), 1303-1333. Wolman, L. (1975). The Growth of American Trade Unions, 1880-1923. London: Arno Press. Yellen, S. (1974). American labor struggles, 1877-1934. New York: Pathfinder Publishers.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Consumer Values Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Consumer Values - Research Paper Example This research examines how hedonic versus utilitarian consumption can vary in typical purchase situations, depending on the decision context, and the manners in which consumers justify their purchases with their own values of time, money and method. Babin and Darden's article "Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value" focuses on the dimensions of hedonic and utilitarian consumer purchases, with the "shopping as work" and the "shopping as fun" consumer experiences. The shopping experience is an activity in which both the utilitarian based need and the hedonic based desire are important dimensions of the consumer's shopping experience because shopping involves more than the economics of supply and demand, there is also the social and psychological aspect. These dual dimensions are scaleable to recognize "formally that a shopping experience can be valuable, or valueless, in more than one way" (Babin and Darden p 644 1994). The statement 'in more than one way,' as it approaches the valuation of consumption is the theoretical view that consumers have scaleable utilitarian and hedonic desires in a psychological and physical sense, as well as the fact that customers have behavioral responses to these senses. Hedonic and Utilitarian Concepts The traditional concepts of cost and benefit values are perceived as having characteristics of exclusively product and price, the standard economics of supply and demand where the consumers experience is exclusively based on the products quality and price evaluations to control consumption choices and demands, and yet this does not define the reasoning of consumers emotional connections, where "A fourth definition equates value with an overall assessment of subjective worth considering all relevant evaluative criteria" (Babin and Darden p 645 1994), in a sense the overall assessment is the consumers emotional constructs, the sociological and psychological desire to feel rewarded in more than the physical sense of achievement. Babin and Darden analyze that shopping has both utilitarian and hedonic traits, where a methodology only encompasses the consumable and its dimensional and monetary values lacks the ability to fully measure the shoppers' experience, a concept expressed as having importance in other research, although "Far less research has been conducted to examine whether contrast effects occur among hedonic experiences (i.e., experiences of pleasure or pain)" (Novemsky and Rattner p 507 2003). Babin and Darden's research recognizes the empirical and "experiential perspective," with the value of the experience being the key outcome variable as described by Holbrook. The researchers reveal Holbrook statement on value as having "an interactive relativistic preference experience," meaning that the experience and value are relative to one another in the sense of importance the consumer places on those as well as on the actual purchase. The initial conclusion is that both utilitarian