Sexual Offences Act 2003 Free Essays

string(123) go about as an accessory of a male attacker then they can be accused of â€Å"causing an individual to participate in sexual action †. One of the main thrusts behind the production of the Sexual Offenses Act 2003 was the low conviction rate on attackers. In 1999 9,008 assault cases were accounted for and just 1 out of 13 brought about a conviction . Inside this article I will talk about whether the progressions presented by the Sexual Offenses Act 2003 add more noteworthy lucidity to the region of assault. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sexual Offenses Act 2003 or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now So as to completely comprehend this inquiry one should initially characterize assault. The standard meaning of assault is â€Å"unlawful sex with a lady who at the hour of intercourse doesn't assent . I state standard on the grounds that with each Sexual Act the meaning of assault has changed somehow or another. At the point when assault was first presented as a legal offense in the Offenses Against the Person Act 1861 it basically expressed that ‘it is a crime to assault a lady . ’ The Sexual Offenses Act 2003 currently characterizes assault as the ‘intentional entrance of the vagina, rear-end, or mouth of someone else who doesn't assent . ’ Each Sexual Offenses Act endeavors to additionally explain the zone of assault. The principle change in the Sexual Offenses Act 2003 needs to manage the definition and the region of assent. The Sexual Offenses Act of 1956 explains by and large on the region of assault; it goes more inside and out where assault is worried than the Offenses Against the Person Act 1861. The Sexual Offenses Act 1956 states: â€Å"Rape of a man or lady (1)It is an offense for a man to assault a lady or another man. (2)A man submits assault if†(a)he has sex with an individual (regardless of whether vaginal or butt-centric) who at the hour of the intercourse doesn't agree to it; and (b)at the time he realizes that the individual doesn't agree to the intercourse or is careless concerning whether that individual agrees to it. 3)A man likewise submits assault on the off chance that he instigates a wedded lady to have sex with him by mimicking her better half. (4)Subsection (2) applies with the end goal of any sanctioning. † Like Offenses Against the Person Act 1861, this demonstration likewise neglected to explain or to provide further guidance on the matter of assent. Along these lin es, it was still up to the â€Å"judiciary to decide the constituent components and build up the elements that may vitiate an obvious assent. † In 1975 the instance of DPP v Morgan provoked Parliament to correct this demonstration so as to endeavor to explain the region of assent. The change to this demonstration is found in the Sexual Offenses Act 1976. This demonstration states: (1)For the motivations behind segment 1 of the M1Sexual Offenses Act 1956 (which identifies with assault) a man submits assault if†(a)he has unlawful sex with a lady who at the hour of the intercourse doesn't agree to it; and (b)at that time he realizes that she doesn't agree to the intercourse or he is foolish concerning whether she agrees to it; and references to assault in different authorizations (counting the accompanying arrangements of this Act) will be understood as needs be. 2)It is thus proclaimed that if at a preliminary for an assault offense the jury needs to think about whether as a man accepted that a lady was consenting to sex, the nearness or nonattendance of sensible justification for such a conviction is an issue to which the jury is to have respect, related to some other pertinent issues, in thinking about whether he so accepted. † For the situation of DPP v Morgan the spouse welcomed three companions over to engage in sexual relations with his significant other. He disclosed to them that she may be acting like she was opposing however she was in reality just pretending. In spite of the fact that the spouse battled against them they despite everything had intercourse with her since they were under the conviction that she had agreed. They were attempted with assault. The judge’s comment to the jury just was in the event that you accept that the spouse didn't assent, at that point the respondents conviction that she did in reality assent isn't a barrier. They were completely sentenced for assault. Because of the turmoil brought about by this case segment 1(2) (as appeared above) of the Sexual Offenses Act 1976 was made. This gives a meaning of mens rea with respect to assent . Despite the fact that this demonstration attempted to additionally explain assent and the significance of assault there were still some tweaking that must be done to it. For example it characterizes assault yet it doesn’t build up the need to show that there was â€Å"force, dread, or misrepresentation influencing the woman’s assent. † The Jury was simply trained to give assent its conventional importance. That being expressed this demonstration additionally neglected to give a legitimate meaning of assent. These progressions were made in the Sexual Offenses Act 2003. The Sexual Offenses Act 2003 states: â€Å" Rape (1) An individual (A) submits an offense if†a) he deliberately enters the vagina, rear-end or mouth of someone else (B) with his penis, (b) B doesn't agree to the infiltration, and (c) A doesn't sensibly accept that B assents. (2) Whether a conviction is sensible is to be resolved having respect to all the conditions, including any means A has t aken to learn whether B assents. (3) Sections 75 and 76 apply to an offense under this segment. (4) An individual blameworthy of an offense under this area is subject, on conviction on arraignment, to detainment forever. † Although these progressions were made does it really add lucidity to the zone of assault? The main change that must be referenced is the incorporation of oral as a point where entrance can happen. This was incorporated in light of the fact that it was concluded that oral sex was simply â€Å"as detestable belittling and damaging an infringement and similarly, if not more mentally destructive than vaginal and butt-centric assault . † Secondly, segment 1(1) of this demonstration makes assault sexual orientation explicit. Since it expresses that infiltration must be finished with a penis then no one but guys can submit assault. In this manner, ladies can't legitimately be accused of assault however on the off chance that they go about as an associate of a male attacker, at that point they can be accused of â€Å"causing an individual to participate in sexual action †. You read Sexual Offenses Act 2003 in class Article models In spite of the fact that this area shows that a lady can't be an attacker segment 79(3) which state, â€Å"references to a piece of the body incorporate references to a section precisely built (specifically, through sexual orientation reassignment medical procedure), † is a deviation of this standard this shows in the event that it is a transsexual, who submitted penile medical procedure then she can be accused of assault, for assault is the infiltration of the penis, regardless of whether it is a carefully developed penis or a characteristic one. It doesn't make a difference the sexual orientation of who is assaulted or that of the attacker . Those with precisely developed vaginas can likewise be assaulted according to R v Matthews . Thirdly, the actus reus for assault is not, at this point unlawful sex. In the past Sexual Acts 1956 and 1976 unlawful intercourse was the actus reus. Unlawful implied sex outside of marriage. This was found to be a customary law activity according to R v R , and was abrogated. Presently a spouse can assault his significant other. The actus reus for assault as indicated by the Sexual Offenses Act 2003 is infiltration . As per this demonstration with the goal for it to be assault a few components must be meet. Right off the bat, it must be demonstrated that the vagina, butt or mouth was purposefully infiltrated by the litigant. The mens rea for assault is the purposeful infiltration. Once infiltrated it is felt that expectation is there except if the entrance is insignificant. All things considered it tends to be contended that the respondent just â€Å"meant to remain on the outside† . Inebriation can't be utilized as a resistance according to R v Woods , because of the way that assault is as yet a wrongdoing of fundamental plan. Before this demonstration the actus reus for assault was unlawful intercourse (outside marriage)it is presently infiltration. Area 79(2) characterizes infiltration as â€Å"a proceeding with act from section to withdrawal ,† according to Cooper v Schaub . For it to be infiltration full passage isn't essential. Consequently, the vagina incorporates the vulva this is clarified in segment 79(9), which essentially expresses that â€Å"Vagina incorporates vulva † according to R v Tarmohammed the penis ought to be expelled if anytime assent is pulled back. This carries me to my next point that of assent. Also, it must be resolved whether the casualty gave assent. Segment 74 characterizes assent as â€Å" an individual uninhibitedly concurring by decision and who has the opportunity and ability to settle on that decision . The expression ability to settle on a decision is a precarious expression particularly in the event that one is managing an individual with a psychological issue. To help explain this in the Offenses identified with people with a psychological issue area 30(2) is utilized. This st ates: â€Å"B can't won't if †He does not have the ability to pick whether to consent to the contacting (regardless of whether since he needs adequate comprehension of the nature or potential results of what is being done, or for some other explanation), or he can't convey such a decision to A. In this manner on the off chance that one doesn't comprehend the total idea of the demonstration, at that point they can't assent according to R v Williams . More explanation on whether a lady has agreed is given by areas 75 and 76 of the Sexual Offenses Act 2003. These segments each contain an assumption about assent. Segment 75 contain evidential assumption which might be tested by the litigant, while, area 76 can't be tested as it is decisive assumptions . The evidential weight isn't a weight of verification; it basically implies that the litigant needs to give some proof that bolsters his case. Segment 75 states: â€Å"(1) If in procedures for an offense to which this area applies it is proved†(a) that the respondent did the significant demonstration, (b) that any of the conditions indicated in subsection (2) existed, and (c) that the litigant realized that

Inherit The Wind Essays - Joseph Conrad, Congo Free State

Acquire The Wind Annonymous The Evil of Man In the novel Heart of Darkness, composed by Joseph Conrad, Marlow winds up in a position where he is looked to acknowledge the way that the man he has appreciated and turned upward to is a psycho. He understands that Kurtz?s strategies are dishonest, yet in addition coldhearted. Marlow comes to understand that Kurtz is insidious, and that he himself is additionally underhanded, in this way Marlow?s frustrate makes his relationship with Kurtz sickening. As Marlow goes up the waterway, he is continually engrossed with Kurtz. Marlow says ?I appeared to see Kurtz for the first time...the solitary white man turning his back out of nowhere on the home office, on alleviation, on contemplations of home...towards his unfilled and forlorn station?(32). From the earliest starting point of his excursion, he is contrasted with Kurtz by the entirety of the individuals that he comes into contact with, and a lot of his musings are of Kurtz. He considers how he will match the norms that the organization set for him, what Kurtz?s character is like, and what Kurtz would consider him. The more fixated he becomes with Kurtz, the more he sets himself up for the horrendous truth of what his new symbol was really made of. After coming to Kurtz?s station, Marlow?s disappoint starts to set in. He is welcomed by an English-communicating in Russian whom he takes for a man who on a superficial level is deceant practical individual, however after short discussion it is obvious to Marlow that he is chatting with a upset individual, however that was not what disturbed Marlow. Hearing of and seeing the demonstrations submitted by Kurtz made Marlow uncomfortable, and even apprehensive. It was now that Marlow starts his refusal of any liking he feels with Kurtz. He says with respect to the Russian ?I assume that it had not happened to him that Mr. Kurtz was no symbol of mine?(59). Marlow sees the entirety of the monstrosities submitted by Kurtz, and is shocked, however when he glimpses profound with inside himself he sees what he could without much of a stretch become, and he frantically needs to stifle it. Once Kurtz is on the vessel, and headed with Marlow back to human progress, things take a bizarre turn. Despite the fact that Marlow and Kurtz have little to discuss, they build up an unmistakable regard for one another. As Kurtz kicks the bucket, Marlow acknowledges this passing effectively and stays faithful to his withering solicitations. It inconveniences Marlow an extraordinary arrangement that there is so quite a bit of himself in the things Kurtz did. There is where Marlow finds the detestable that hides in heart everything being equal, and he just acknowledges it. This is generally plainly exhibited toward the finish of the story when he professes to think ?Don?t you comprehend I cherished him-I adored him-I cherished him?(79). In this statement Marlow allows everything to all. On the surface he loathed Kurtz?s activities, yet he cherished his capacity to battle the measures of society and to live as a genuine man. Marlow discovers that there is a savage mammoth in himself, and altogether men in his psyche. There are a ton of issues that Marlow appearances and he keeps up his levelheadedness. It Kurtz?s absence of poise that Marlow secretly respects. In this story Marlow is compelled to acknowledge his frustrate with Krutz, and is scared of the recognizable proof that joins this acknowledgment. It is at exactly that point when Marlow figures it out the genuine idea of man.

Brief History and Geography of Tibet

Brief History and Geography of Tibet The Tibetan Plateau is an immense area of southwestern China reliably over 4000 meters. This area that was a flourishing autonomous realm that started in the eighth century and formed into a free nation in the twentieth century is currently under the firm control of China. Mistreatment of the Tibetan individuals and their act of Buddhism is broadly announced. History Tibet shut its outskirts to outsiders in 1792, keeping the British of India (Tibets southwestern neighbor) under control until the British want for an exchange course with China made them take Tibet forcibly in 1903. In 1906 the British and Chinese marked a harmony settlement that offered Tibet to the Chinese. After five years, the Tibetans ousted the Chinese and pronounced their freedom, which went on until 1950. In 1950, soon after Mao Zedongs socialist transformation, China attacked Tibet. Tibet argued for help from the United Nations, the British, and the recently autonomous Indians for help without any result. In 1959 a Tibetan uprising was suppressed by the Chinese and the pioneer of the religious Tibetan government, the Dalai Lama, fled to Dharamsala, India and made a legislature estranged abroad. China directed Tibet with a firm hand, indicting Tibetan Buddhists and pulverizing their places of love, particularly during the hour of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). After Maos demise in 1976, the Tibetans increased restricted independence albeit a large number of the Tibetan government authorities introduced were of Chinese nationality. The Chinese government has regulated Tibet as the Autonomous Region of Tibet (Xizang) since 1965. Numerous Chinese have been monetarily urged to move to Tibet, weakening the impact of the ethnic Tibetans. Its probable that the Tibetans will turn into a minority in their property inside a couple of years. The complete populace of Xizang is around 2.6 million. Extra uprisings happened all through the following scarcely any decades and military law was forced upon Tibet in 1988. The Dalai Lamas endeavors to work with China toward taking care of issues to carry harmony to Tibet earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. Through crafted by the Dalai Lama, the United Nations has called upon China to consider giving the Tibetan individuals a privilege to self-assurance. As of late, China has been burning through billions to improve the affordable viewpoint for Tibet by urging the travel industry and exchange to the district. The Potala, the previous seat of the Tibetan government and the home of the Dalai Lama is a significant fascination in Lhasa. Culture The Tibetan culture is an antiquated one that incorporates the Tibetan language and a particular Tibetan style of Buddhism. Territorial tongues differ across Tibet so the Lhasa vernacular has become the Tibetan most widely used language. Industry Industry was non-existent in Tibet preceding the Chinese attack and today little businesses are situated in the capital of Lhasa (2000 populace of 140,000) and different towns. Outside of urban communities, the indigenous Tibetan culture is included principally of wanderers, ranchers (grain and root vegetables are essential harvests), and backwoods tenants. Because of the virus dry demeanor of Tibet, grain can be put away dependent upon 50 to 60 years and margarine (yak spread is the perpetual top choice) can be put away for a year. Illness and pandemics are uncommon on the dry high level, which is encircled by the universes tallest mountains, incorporating Mount Everest in the south. Geology Despite the fact that the level is somewhat dry and gets a normal of 18 inches (46 cm) of precipitation every year, the level is the hotspot for significant streams of Asia, including the Indus River. Alluvial soils include the landscape of Tibet. Because of the high elevation of the locale, the occasional variety in temperature is somewhat restricted and the diurnal (day by day) variety is progressively significant the temperature in Lhasa can run as much as - 2 F to 85 F (- 19 C to 30 C). Dust storms and hailstorms (with hail of tennis-ball size) are issues in Tibet. (An exceptional grouping of otherworldly performers was once paid to avert the hail.) Consequently, the status of Tibet stays being referred to. Will the way of life be weakened by the inundation of Chinese or will Tibet by and by become Free and autonomous?

Sat Essay Topics - the Story

Sat Essay Topics - the Story While Score Choice makes it possible for you to pick which day's scores you send to colleges, you can't ever send only some scores from a particular test day. More to the point, a strong essay score offers further evidence to admission officials that you're capable of handling the conventional coursework. You will require a deep comprehension of how authors build their arguments and be in a position to compose an insightful essay dependent on the passage. Mind that all of the names should be of the exact same kind of the word, for instance, all adjectives or nouns. If you want to help your son or daughter understand how causal relationships work, you can come across some practical cause and effect worksheets here. There are many essay types, and at times the topic itself is as crucial as the sort of the essay you're assigned. Narrative essays don't have such arguments. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It is a particular type of academic writing. Gossip, Deception and Sat Essay Topics There are lots of things you'd better bear in mind. It's not sufficient to pick a topic which everybody agrees on. The very first thing you've got to realize searching for an ideal topic is that your opinion is the thing that matters the most. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. Deciding upon a topic is a vital issue that partly estimates final success of the job. Templates enable you to write quickly since they reduce the should develop new phrasing while beneath the pressure of the clock. Finding the subject of your interest can help you work harder on your project and show your style in the easiest way possible. The Battle Over Sat Essay Topics and How to Win It If you haven't written any narration essays before, you ought to read works of different students to comprehend how to develop a structure, the way to use your private narrative ideas, and what topics you'll be able to utilize. Our argumentative essay topic ideas are intended to save your time when you should choose what things to write about. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. In many professional contexts, respectful argumentation is the thing that leads to the growth of new thoughts and perspectives. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. Our qualified academic experts will help you to find an ideal persuasive essay topic according to all of your requirements and compose a custom-tailored model answer. Canadian students must deal with exactly the same problem of selecting engaging argumentative essay topics as the remainder of the world. Try out another topic and do the very same 5-minute writing test till you locate a topic you know it is simple to write on. Don't neglect to confirm the access to resources the topics that you consider. Still, you ought to make your topic more specific. Take notes concerning all possible topics you are able to consider. What You Need to Know About Sat Essay Topics Like the death penalty, the notion of marijuana legality was debated and discussed for decades. At precisely the same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a superior cause and effect essay topic. Without doubt, it would be a lot simpler that you learn more about the topic that's connected to the area of your interest. Thus, the topic you select plays a crucial function.

Maritime Transportation Systems Maritime Transport...

Maritime Transportation System Maritime Transportation System or MTS is one of the critical infrastructure systems that promote economic activity by enabling the transfer of goods between national and international destinations throughout the globe. As a result of its role in promoting economic activity, Maritime Transportation System is one of the most important elements for the United States national security. However, maritime systems have become increasingly vulnerable to risks that could jeopardize smooth operations and contributes to direct and indirect financial losses. Some of these risks include organizational and environmental risks as well as security risks like terrorism. The risks to the smooth operations and effectiveness of maritime systems are classified into four major categories i.e. human, natural, organizational, and technological factors since they emerge from natural and man-made disasters. In the past few years, there has been significant focus on promotin g the sustainability of Maritime Transportation System through dealing with these risks and enhancing effectiveness of operations. Overview of Maritime Transportation System As previously mentioned, Maritime Transportation System is a crucial infrastructure system given its role in promoting economic activity by facilitating the transfer of goods in national and international destinations. 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One of the greatest anti-war novels, All Quiet on The...

One of the greatest anti-war novels, All Quiet on The Western Front, was written by Erich Maria Remarque and was first published in 1928. In the novel, eighteen years old Paul Baumer and his classmates voluntarily enlist in the German Imperial Army during the First World War, after they are indoctrinated by their teacher with the glory and superiority of patriotism. After surviving training camp, the enthusiastic young men are sent to front line. Their dreams of serving motherland are bombed out by artillery fire. The Second Company, which Paul belongs to, inflicts heavy losses on a battle; half of the Second Company soldiers are killed. After couple days of the French army’s artillery attacks, the Second Company only remains thirty-two†¦show more content†¦Paul doesn’t want to kill the enemy, but he is forced to do that by fear of death rather than patriotism. Paul was a mentally normal person. However, the war turns him into a beast, trains him how to kill, m akes him become brutal and merciless, and lets him struggles between barbarism and conscience. In the end, the original purity of heart is completely destroyed. Remarque uses Paul’s experience to show readers that war can destroys young soldiers mentally. Paul finally has an opportunity to leave the front to return home. He doesn’t know he is changed before he returned home. When he meets his families, he doesn’t know how to talk to them, and he doesn’t want to talk to them. When his sister tells him that his mom has cancer, he has no any sad expression. He finds out everything is same but he is changed; he doesn’t belong to his hometown. Paul supposes to have pleasant experience and countless conversations with his families. However, it’s opposite; moreover, he feels that he is a stranger when he is at home. His mom loves him so much; he must be died inside so he doesn’t feel grieved when he knows his mom has cancer. 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It is also one of the most misconstrued and misunderstood wars that have resulted in American defeat. Being one of the longest wars fought in history, it has left many questioning the motivation behind the conflict that spanned two decades before being resolved. Despite being a conflict between North and South Vietnam, the United States decided to enter the war in spite of being faced with opposition from its citizens

Bach Essay Research Paper Johann Sebastian free essay sample

Bach Essay, Research Paper Johann Sebastian Bach was born on March 21, 1685. He was born in the town of Eisenach ( Thuringia ) . Johann # 8217 ; s male parents name was Johann Ambrosius Bach.His female parents name was Elisabeth. Johann was their 8th kid. His two godfathers, who gave their name to the kid, were Sebastian Nagel, town piper, and Johann George Koch, a ducal forrester in Eisenach. He was bapitized in the Saint Georg # 8217 ; s church. The baptismal entry is dated March 23, 1685. Johann # 8217 ; s mother died in 1694 and his male parent died in 1695, so, as a kid of merely nine he had to populate with his eldest brother Johann Christoph. Christoph was the organist in Ohrdruf. Johann got his first cardinal board lesson from Christoph. He went to the Lyceum in Ohrdruf. While he attended this school he learned Latin and American ginseng in the choir. When his brother could no longer back up him, he left for Luneburg on March 15, 1700. We will write a custom essay sample on Bach Essay Research Paper Johann Sebastian or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His best friend from school, Georg Erdmann, went on the journey with Johann. While he and Erdmann were in Luneburg they sang in the Mettenchor ( matin choir ) . They were paid money for making this and this is how he was able to go to the Saint Michel # 8217 ; s church. The school had an impressive musical tradition and had a celebrated musical library. The foundation was laid here for Bach # 8217 ; s musical involvement and his acquaintance with the seventeenth century German choir tradition. Johann traveled to Arnstadt in 1703 and it is here were he got his first serious occupation. He was appointed organist of the Neue Kirche and recieved a comparatively high wage. He became haunted with the organ and neglected his pattern with the male childs church choir. In 1705 he took a four hebdomad leave of absence to travel to Lubeck to acquire acquainted with the music of Dietrich Buxtehude.He was greatly influenced by the born music of Buxtehude. Alternatively of remaining merely four hebdomads, he returned to Arnstadt in 1706. The church was non amused.He found a new postion in Mullhausen and applied for his surrender in Arnstdat. His great plants during this clip were, Capriccio sopra La lontanaza del suo fratello dilettissimo, Wie schon leuchtet der Morgenstern, and the Prelude and Fugue in G Minor. In 1707 Bach married his cousin, Maria Barbara. He became organist of the Blasiuskirche in Muhlhausen. Bach remained at Muhlhause N for merely a twelvemonth before taking up station as organist and concertmaster at the tribunal of the Duke of Weimar. In 1717, Bach moved to another station as Kapellmeister at the tribunal of Prince Lepold in Cothen. He was in service to the tribunals, and he composed a great trade of instrumental music: 100s of pieces for solo keyboards, orhestral dance suites, three sonatas for assorted instruments, and concertos for assorted instruments and orchestra. His most celebrated concertos are the six Concerti Grossi composed for the Duke of Brandenburg in 1721. Bradenburg concerto no. 3 is the manner of cocerto grosso in which a little group of instruments is set in concert with an orchestra of strings and cotinuo. Of Bach # 8217 ; s music for solo instruments, the six Suites for Violoncello and Sonatas and Partitas for solo fiddle are among the greatest for these instruments. Maria died all of a sudden in 1720, holding borne Bach seven kids. within a twelvemonth Bach remarried to Anne Magdalena. Bach borne 13 hildren with her. Soon after his matrimony, Bach began looking for another place, and finally took one in Leipzig, where he became organist and choirmaster at Saint Thomas church. He remained in Leipzig for the remainder of his life. A devout Lutheran, Bach composed a great many sacred plants as his responsibilities required when employed by the church. He composed good over two 100 oratorios, several motets, five multitudes, three cantatas, and four scenes of the passion narrative. The Saint Matthew Passion, is one of the western music # 8217 ; s chef-doeuvres. Bach besides wrote a great trade of music for his favourite instrument, the organ, which is still regarded as the pinnacle of his repertory. One such work is the enormous, Passacaqlia and Fugue in C child. In 1749 Bach # 8217 ; s neglecting seeing was operated on by a going English sawbones, the ruinous consequences were complete sightlessness. Bach still continued to compose, ordering his work to a student. He eventually succombed to a shot on July 28, 1750. He was buried in a unmarked grave at Saint Thomas church. Bach achieved singular highs in the art of music. Choral polyphonic music and organ music, every bit good as instrumental music and dance signifiers were brought to olympian degrees. He achieved a great trade in his life-time. He was genuinely a ace of organ technique. 310

Death Penalty Essays (2281 words) - Toxicology, Lethal Injection

Death Penalty Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Death Penalty Electric chair, gas chamber, lethal injection, firing squad, hanging, guillotine, and garroting. When you hear these words what do you think of? Do you feel frightened? When some hear these words they tend to say, " Oh they deserve it". In the court system that is not always the case. The question you always have to ask yourself is what did the accused do and do they deserve the death penalty? What is bad enough to deserve death? Are their certain crimes that do and then some that do not? Almost every culture through out history has relied on the death penalty and capital punishment and justified as a necessary tool to maintain order. The only thing that changed throughout time were the crimes deemed punishable by death and the methods used to kill those found guilty. Some of the other countries' laws of capital punishment seem so barbaric. In ancient India, executions were sometimes carried out by having an elephant crush the condemned's head. Executions used to be public spectacles. In ancient Persia, one method of execution involved being eaten alive by insects and vermin. In the middle ages, methods of execution included chopping off limbs, stripping off the condemned person's skin, boiling in oil, drawing and quartering (cutting the persons innards and then tearing the body into four pieces), burning at the stake, and crucifixion. In 1692, a man refused to testify after his wife was accused of witchcraft and was " Pressed " to death. The sentence was carried out by lying him on a stone floor, placing a board over him, and piling stones upon the board. Benjamin Rush, credited with the beginning the movement to abolish capital punishment in the U.S, declared in 1792 that reform, not retribution, should be the goal of punishment. The Bible authorizes executing those who show contempt on their parents, walk without permission on sacred ground, practicing sorcery, sacrifice in foreign gods or who prostitute themselves. In the Bible Exodus 21:12 it says, " Whoever strikes a man a mortal blow must be put to death." Electrocution in the modern era. Electricity causes biological damage through both heat and electrochemical havoc. The electrical current itself abolishes the function of organs and tissues such as the brain, nerves, and heart by overwhelming the fragile bioelectrical basis of the metabolism. The voltage applied is not the most critical factor but is in fact, almost irrelevant as much as electrical pressure was a factor. The body can tolerate a lot of volts without discomfort. The type of electrical current, too, makes a difference-whether direct (DC) or alternating (AC). The latter is more dangerous and can be lethal even with low voltage and relatively low amperage. The alternating cycle of 60 per second, which is ordinary 110-120 volt house current, will invariably stop heart action through stand still or ventricular fibrillation if the body somehow becomes part of a circuit. The gas chamber. When sodium cyanide pellets are dropped into acid beneath the seated subject in a gas chamber, extremely lethal hydrogen cyanide is produced... Cyanide asphyxiates acts by choking the cells instead of blocking air intake. The gas, HCN, is rapidly absorbed into the blood stream through the lungs. The red blood cells are relatively immune to HCN. When delivered to all of the body's cells... Cyanide literally and rapidly chokes all the body's cells to death at the same time. Hanging proponents. Proponents of hanging as a more humane method objected to the practice of beheading...Advocates of hanging argued that if the noose were correctly applied to the neck, consciousness would disappear quickly due to the sudden and complete blockage of blood in the head, with resultant swelling of the brain and rupture of small blood vessels. People to whom this was done too that survived swore that there was no pain before they lost consciousness. In a sense any advantages of hanging would seem to be compromised when the "drop" was added. That the drop usually resulted in the breaking of the neck and the ripping of the spinal cord, thus essentially and much more crudely duplicating the results of decapitation without detaching the head. Lethal injection. Thiopental Sodium is a fast acting drug that produces almost short -term unconsciousness after a single dose, it is also used as a " truth serum " administered in small, intermittent, carefully calibrated hypnotic dosed while the subjects counts backward from 100. A trance-like, semi-consciousness is usually reached before the count gets to 90. To complete the lethal mixture for execution, society

Criminology essayEssay Writing Service

Criminology essayEssay Writing Service Criminology essay Criminology essayCesare Beccaria is known for his revolutionary role in the sphere of criminal science. He is the key thinker and initiator of the abolitionist movement who made a great contribution to criminology, mainly by introducing well grounded arguments against the death penalty that still evoke different opinions on whether it has been justified to implement such kind of punishment and whether people have a right to slaughter their fellows in such a brutal way. Back in 1764, the Italian thinker Cesare Beccaria published his writing widely known under the title On Crimes and Punishments. By writing this treatise, Beccaria aimed at arguing that there should be some proportion between crimes and punishments (Bessler, 2009). It seemed quite absurd to Beccaria that the laws, which were supposed to be the direct expression of the social acceptance, ought to allow the public murder.Beccaria stood for the elimination of the barbarous kinds of execution arguing that they are a violati on to the laws of nature. He voted for the liberty of every human being. He stated his position by saying that the death penalty cannot be perceived as a human right, but rather as the national war against citizens. The essence of his writing lies in the fact that he viewed the human life itself as a natural right calling for the abolition of the death penalty.   Thus, the contribution of Beccaria to criminology cannot be argued about, as in his philosophical writings, he expressed the strong and truly revolutionary opposition against the death penalty as a means of punishment. And his writings were the turning point for the criminal science in terms of the evolution of crime punishment. His writings attracted the attention of the public and authorities breaking the ancient views and raising a question of whether death penalty is at all justified. In order to break through the skeptical views on this matter, Beccaria expressed well grounded views against the barbaric and totally u seless tortures practiced by people who claimed to be wise (Bessler, 2009).Thus, the contribution of Cesare Beccaria to the development of criminal science should not be underestimated. Nowadays, people shudder with horror when reading about the violent tortures leading to unjustified deaths of numerous people who sometimes were severely punished without enough evidence that they were at all responsible for this or that criminal act (Carroll, 1998). The history bristles with the examples when totally innocent people have been severely executed by the authorities who used barbarous ways of punishment. In his writings, Beccaria expressed his indignity with death penalty, thus turning the whole criminal science upside down and causing a real revolution in the minds of people. Contemporary criminology perceives Cesare Beccaria as a key thinker who managed to give persuasive evidence that death penalty is not the right kind of punishment that should be applied even in case a person is to blame for severe criminal actions. Beccaria proclaimed the liberty of every human being and thus, taking away one’s life cannot be justified in any way.Part II. The main components of positivism and its roleThe notion of positivism finds its roots in the philosophy closely linked to logic, while criminology grew from the social science and became a major method of analyzing the essence of crime. Positivist movement was introduced in the late 19th century implementing a scientific approach to the criminology. Positivism evolved from biological theories emphasizing the idea of the so-called â€Å"born criminal† to the theories referring crime to psychological and social factors as the major cause of criminal action. The main component of positivism is logic that is based on three major aspects. These are biological, psychological and social ones. Positivism is all grounded on the rational approval or disapproval with scientific assertions (Barlow Kauzlarich, 2010). Unl ike other approaches to criminology, positivism aims at obtaining the objective facts and is much more concerned with revealing the meaning behind one’s actions.One of the key components of positivism is rationalism aimed at uncovering the reasons behind behavior digging deep into the psyche of certain categories of individuals. Positivism is characterized by the replacement of ideological views with scientific ones that are all based on rational theories. Positivism tried to reveal some sort of defect inside criminally inclined individuals causing prejudice towards criminal behavior itself.The major role of positivism is that it managed to avert the attention of criminal scientists from the classical standpoint that was widely promoted prior to the positivism movement. Here, it needs to be mentioned that classicism being first formulated by the prominent figure Cesare Beccaria was based on the idea that one’s decision to commit some kind of crime is rational assuming that all humans are by nature liable to commit crime (Comte Lenzer, 1998). And this was the main difference of classical criminal science from positivism that viewed criminals as fundamentally different individuals biologically, sociologically, psychologically or in a certain mixture of all these three aspects.Biological positivism was based on certain predisposition to the appearance of criminals and positivist scientists who explored this aspect created a whole description of the criminally inclined individual. Some of the positivist scientists supported the opinion that the blame should be removed from some individual criminals with biological defects on the grounds that these defects show that the individual acted without free will. Some other positivist scientists focused on the psychological and social factors as the major causes of criminal acts. The social positivists expressed an opinion that all people are to some extent affected by the environment, thus the criminal is a product of the society as it had direct influence on the criminal’s behavior. Finally, psychological positivism focused on the notions of aggression, violence, sexuality and psychopathology (Comte Lenzer, 1998). These scientists developed the theories of personality and strongly believed that the criminal behavior should be investigated on the basis of the offender’s personal psychological traits.Judging from the above stated facts, it can be concluded that positivism was wholly based on three main components: biological, social and psychological. All of these components form the basis of the positivist movement. In such a way, positivism surely made a great contribution to the evolution of criminal science.Part III. The role of prisons and their effectiveness in modern American societyThe role of prisons and their major functions cannot be identified without giving a definition of the notion of prison itself. It needs to be mentioned that over the past decades, the role of prisons has evolved. People tend to view prisons as correctional institutions, however, their definition changes along with the constantly changing American society (Gilling, 1997). Prisons are generally considered to be special state institutions that limit the liberty of convicted offenders for the sake of social security, but this definition seems to be no longer accurate (Lombroso, Gibson Rafter, 2006). The philosophy concerning incarceration and its major role has changed from rehabilitation to limitation of freedom of those individuals who pose some sort of threat to the public safety and security. Today, criminalists perceive prisons’ major function as keeping offenders away from the public in order to ensure the public safety and avoid repetition of crime (MacCormick, 1950).The justification for imprisonment lies in the fact that it reduces the crime rate within the country. And this is probably one of the most actively debated issues in modern days. Some cri minal scientists argue that the increase of prison populations does not necessarily reduce criminal activity (O’Brien Yar, 2008). Thus, it is arguable whether imprisonment leads to the decline of crime rates. Simply locking up the offenders does not guarantee the safety of common public in the streets, although to some extent it is really so. However, the essence of crime is quite complex, and that is why there is no definite answer to whether prisons are at all effective in modern society.In fact, it should be admitted that nowadays prisons cannot be perceived as the most effective or desirable policy for ensuring social safety. In the United States, however, prisons are still used as the basic means of keeping criminals away from the public. Nonetheless, prisons have long stopped being means of either correction or rehabilitation. And thus, their effectiveness has considerably dropped. Although it is evident that prisons provide the society with some kind of protection fro m crime by keeping offenders away from the public for some period of time, all this does not ensure that criminal activities will extinct (Sampson Laub, 1993). Modern American society surely seeks to protect itself against the violent acts of certain individuals, but imprisonment is hardly the most effective way to achieve this. And even extremely long sentences for some kinds of crimes or life imprisonment cannot guarantee that the American society can live in a peaceful environment without any criminal activity around. Thus, there should be found some alternative and more effective ways of preventing crimes and reducing crime rates.ConclusionTo conclude, the above research investigated different aspects of criminal science. Firstly, it gave a full-fledged analysis of the contribution of Cesare Beccaria to criminology and the sociology of deviance. It needs to be said that Cesare Beccaria played a revolutionary role in the way that he was among the key thinkers who voted for the a bolishment of death penalty that was customary in ancient times. He managed to reveal the essence of such kind of punishment showing that it is a violation of basic human rights. His contribution lies in the fact that he has given evidence and much justified information on the negative sides of death penalty as a direct violation of the laws of nature. Thus, his contribution to the criminal science should in no way be underestimated.Secondly, the presented research revealed the basic features of positivism and its key components that are categorized as social, psychological and biological. All of these essential components of positivism have been fully discussed and argued about. The research also pointed out that positivism is all about rational thinking based on scientific logic. Such issue as the role of positivism for the evolution of criminal science has also been defined and investigated. Its major role implies turning from the classical school of criminology to a new and tota lly different one.Thirdly, the research analyzed the role and effectiveness of prisons as means of ensuring social security within the United States. In fact, prisons have stopped being institutions of rehabilitation or punishment, but turned into the institutions that keep criminals away from common people who require safe and secure living conditions. However, it has been admitted that imprisonment does not guarantee the decline of crime rates as simply locking up the aggressive and violent individuals cannot ensure total extinction of criminal activity within the country. The above research is based on the existing investigations in the sphere of criminal science summarizing and analyzing their application to the criminology of modern days.

Transport and Logistics and E-Commerce Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transport and Logistics and E-Commerce - Article Example the bridging up of the gap of geographical locations, enabling the comparison of stocks of a product at various retailers without having to visit them personally etc. An entire e-commerce business can exist virtually except it logistics and transport operations that have their own physical existence. These operations are often spread over a large span of geographical locations especially in the case of internationally acclaimed e-commerce transactions. It is in such similar situations that logistics becomes one of the most complex areas in an e-business. It is often a preferable notion that e-commerce web portals sublet their logistics and transport related operation to third party vendors. These vendors are required to assist a business with its supply chain, warehousing of goods, and consolidation of shipments, order fulfillment and reverse logistics. A very good example of efficient and reliable third party vendors is MRL Logistics. MRL Logistics specializes in its area of logistics and transport. This is very convenient for e-commerce websites as the purpose of their business needs the most of their focus. Spending too much attention on transport and logistics may result in neglecting of basic operations. E-Commerce and Logistics are both separate ever-growing domains that need separate evolution and refurbishment on their own end. Its best suited that the people specializing for this task and fully updated in it be approached for it as they specialize in it. MRL Logistics proudly distinguishes itself as a provider of exemplary, impeccable and cost effective Transport and Logistic needs of your business. If you want your logistic needs to be fulfilled perfectly, with time efficiency and security of your freight than what else could be better than getting it done from MRL Logistics? Dr S.J.C.M. Weijers, Dr D. Rouwenhorst, P. Huijbregts, Dr Ing S. Rozemeijer. Virtual Certainties about E-commerce, Transport and Logistic. Transport Research Centre. [Online]

Strategic Business Leadership in Wendicon Technologies Limited Essay - 1

Strategic Business Leadership in Wendicon Technologies Limited - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the engineers often complain of getting delayed in their operational pursuits for needing to fill up manual timesheets from the different consumers to which they render services. Owing to the need for filling in manual timesheets the engineers often get delayed in being able to serve other consumers in the region. Thus, they steadily arise the need for innovating the current manual process to make it electronic. This would help in enhancing the customer servicing activity of the company and in motivating the internal people to work in an innovated atmosphere. The management team of the company continually worked to render innovation in the existing operational process of management of manual timesheets. To render innovation in the business process the team worked to align the capability of the staff along with the available resources to help build innovative systems. The management team has focused on aligning the professional capability of the technical base of the organization to help construct an electronic commerce application which would reach a larger consumer base via the iPads. However to counter the process of innovation in a successful manner the company management has helped aside a large pool of funds to help in the enhancement of the infrastructural base. The innovation team of the concern would help in the construction of an electronic data sheet which would be transmitted to the consumer through the help of iPads. This innovation rendered to the process would help the consumers get timely notifications of the work performed by the engineers following which invoices would be dispatched to them. In the process of rendering the process innovation, the company is required to estimate the turnover of the same in terms of the investment rendered.

Discuss Explanations of Forgetting Essay Example for Free

Discuss Explanations of Forgetting Essay We forget things for two reasons, firstly the memory has disappeared- it is no longer available or secondly the memory is stored in the memory system but cannot be retrieved. The first theory is more likely to be applicable to forgetting in the short term memory and the second in the long term memory. You can differentiate between availability and accessibility. Availability is whether the information has been stored in the memory or not and accessibility is the ability or inability to retrieve information if it has been stored. Forgetting information from the short term memory can be explained using the theories of trace decay and displacement. In reference to the multi store model of memory the theory states that in the STM both capacity and duration are limited. The capacity of STM is about 5-9 units of information and the duration of STM is given at only a few seconds, to a maximum of a minute or so. As information cannot stay indefinitely In STM, if it is not transferred into LTM it will be forgotten. Therefore theories of forgetting in STM are based on availability. There are two main theories about how information is lost from the STM, trace decay and displacement theories. Trace decay theory of forgetting (STM) relates to both long term and short term memory and also relates to lack of availability. The theory suggests that the STM can only hold information for between 15 and 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed. After this time the information decays (fades away). This explanation of forgetting in short term memory assumes that memories leave a trace in the brain. A trace is some sort of physical/chemical change in the nervous system. Trace decay theory states that forgetting occurs as a result of the automatic decay or fading of the memory trace. Trace decay theory focuses on time and the limited duration of short-term memory. Decay theory assumes that memories have a physical or biological basis in the brain, and that the encoding of memories involves a structural change in the brain. The physical representation of a memory is called a memory trace or an engram. This theory sees forgetting as the physical breakdown or decay of the memory trace. Assuming that rehearsal does not take place, the mere passage of time will cause the memory trace to break down. This explains why forgetfulness increases with time. According to the theory, metabolic processes happen over time which causes the structural change to break down if it is not maintained through repetition. Strengths of the decay theory are that it appeals to common sense that if we don’t use/activate the memory we will lose it. However the theory also has weaknesses and it does not explain why some older memories (especially in those who have Alzheimer’s) are not lost and can still be remembered whereas newer memories seem to decay more easily/quicker. A theory that supports decay theory is Peterson and Peterson (1959). They provide evidence for this theory. They conducted a study where they asked participants to recall a string of consonants selected so as to be difficult to pronounce. Recall delay was set to 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 during which rehearsal was prevented by participants counting backwards in threes from a target number (e. g. 397). Each subject was tested a total of 8 times at each of the 6 delay intervals. The findings of the study showed that while after a 3 second retention interval trigrams about 90% of trigrams were recalled, after 18 seconds only 10% were. The duration of STM without retention is very short. In terms of decay theory, the engram could not grow stronger and so broke down. Another theory of forgetting in the short term memory is the displacement theory. This theory suggests that new information received by the STM overwrites or displaces previous information. In a system of limited capacity, forgetting would take place through displacement in STM. According to this theory, when the system is full, the new information will push the old information out. A strength of the displacement theory would be that it provided a good account of how forgetting might take place in Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) model of short term memory. However it does have its weaknesses, it did become clear that the short term memory was much more complex than Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed. Forgetting from the STM can occur due to displacement or decay but it is difficult to specify which. Forgetting information from the LTM can be explained by the decay theory; we forget things because the physical memory trace has disappeared due to the passage of time. It can also be explained by interference theory, when one set of learning interferes with another. For example, things learned in the past may interfere with things learned now or vice versa. Or cue dependant forgetting can also explain forgetting information from the LTM. This theory suggests that information is not lost from LTM, but is simply inaccessible until an appropriate cue is given which triggers the memory. The multi store model of memory states that LTM has an unlimited capacity and memories have duration of potentially forever. However, we know from our own lives that we o forget from LTM. But does that mean the memories are gone, or we just can’t reach them? Theories of forgetting in LTM therefore are a mixture of accessibility and availability. An experiment that supports decay theory in the long term memory is Lashley (1931) he investigated whether by making physical alterations to the brain, he could induce forgetting. If this was the case, then it would suggest that memory has a physical basis and that forgetting is a result of the decay of the memory trace. He trained rats to learn mazes and then removed sections of their brains. He found a relationship between the amount of brain removed, and the amount of forgetting. This study supports decay theory although there are issues of ecological validity and whether it is generalizable from rats to humans. However if decay was the only explanation for loss of memory in the LTM we would expect that all memories would decay at the same time regardless of what happened in the intervening time. Generally there is little support for decay theory, as it cannot explain how we are able to remember things from many years ago. Another theory that may be able to explain why we forget in the LTM is interference. According to this theory there are two types of interference, proactive interference and retroactive interference. Proactive interference is when previous learning interferes with later learning and retroactive interference is when later learning disrupts earlier learning. A common everyday example of proactive interference is placing household objects in a different place in a room and going back to the place where the object used to be to try and find it rather than where you have now put it. Underwood and Postman (1960) used a pair associate learning task to test the effect of interference. Participants were asked to learn a series of word pairs, so that they can be presented with the first word (the stimulus word) and recall its paired word (response word). They are then given another list of word pairs to learn which have the same stimulus word, but a different response word. Participants have their recall tested on either the first or second list of words. As expected, recall of the response words is poorer, and affected by both previous learning (proactive) and later learning (retroactive). However this effect is only present when the stimulus words are kept the same throughout the lists. Overall the proactive and retroactive effects are reliable and robust; however there are a number of problems with interference theory as an explanation of forgetting. Firstly, interference theory tells us little about the cognitive processes involved in forgetting. Secondly, the majority of research into the role of interference in forgetting has been carried out in a laboratory using lists of words, a situation which is likely to occur fairly infrequently in the real world. As a result it may not be possible to generalise the findings of the studies supporting interference theory. The final theory that may explain why we forget in the LTM memory is cue dependant forgetting. This theory states that forgetting is not due to the loss of a memory, but rather is due to the inability to access it. This is known as retrieval failure. The memory is still there but it is inaccessible. The reason that it is unavailable is because you do not have the right cue. Cues can either be external (something about the environment or context) or internal (something about your own state or mood). There is lots of evidence to support this theory of forgetting from laboratory experiments. The ecological validity of these experiments can be questioned but their findings are supported by evidence from outside the laboratory. Context dependant learning (external) was demonstrated by Abernethy (1940) who found that students who sat a test in the same room with the same teacher as their normal lessons got higher results. Therefore, the environment acted as a cue to memory in this study. Our internal mental or emotional state can also act as a cue. This is state dependant learning. Goodwin et al (1969) found that people who had forgotten things when sober could remember once they had drunk sufficient alcohol. Repression may also cause forgetting because it causes traumatic memories to be repressed into the unconscious where they cannot be retrieved. Depression is also another factor that can cause forgetting because due to either the shrinking of the hippocampus due to a rise in cortisol of depressed people or possibly due to low motivation and inattention. Out of all the theories of forgetting discussed, you can see that not one theory covers all aspects of memory. There are many different theories to suggest why we forget different types of information and the theory that applies depends on many things such as whether the information is stored in the STM or the LTM. Not one theory can explain every result that is given from these studies but they are matched to the theories they support the most. A theory that is supported by a particular study can also have studies going against it. For example, evidence for interference would be underwood and postman (1960 however the Tulving and Psotka (1971) study goes against the interference theory.

Ramses the Great :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

Ramses the Great In the Egyptian pyramids of Giza, Ramses the Great ruled as the greatest pharaoh of all times. Ramses the Great, also known as Ramses II, or just Ramses, was born in 1304 B.C., and was given the name the Justice of Ray is Powerful. He had the knowledge of the kingdom, and became the focus of the court at an early age. Ramses and his father spent most of their time together, and at age ten, Ramses became heir to the thrown. He took the thrown in the year of 1292 B.C. The pharaoh lived over all other people in the kingdom. According to historians, the Nile river was the source of life to the Egyptians. The Nile river provided the Egyptian people with water, fish, and fertile soil to grow crops on. The peasant folk in Egypt lived on a diet of wheat bread, fish, and corn. Also, the death rates there were said to be very high. When Ramses became pharaoh, he got many riches. For example, Ramses had as many women as his heart desired. The women did everything for Ramses, which includes dancing for him. Ramses II was the most powerful king in all of ancient Egypt, and his Queens were his greatest supporters. Ramses had many wives, but he loved one particular wife the most of all of them. Ramses the Great was also known for his fighting. In 1275 B.C., he went into battle with about 2,000 men. It was about noon on a spring day, and Ramses II was encamped with his army near the city of Kadesh in Syria. He and his army were planning a surprise attack on the Hittites. While Ramses was waiting for his army to assemble, Hittite chariots showed up out of nowhere and attacked. Frightened, the Egyptian forces fled and left Ramses the Great to face the enemy alone. Luckily, he escaped with his life. Later, Ramses II had scenes from the battle carved on temple was all over Egypt. According to the carvings, Ramses prayed to Amon, the chief Egyptian god, to save him. He said, "My soldiers and charioteers have forsaken me, but I call and find that Amon is worth more to me than millions of foot soldiers and hundreds of thousands of chariots." After that, the carvings show that he rallied his forces and had victory over the Hittites.

Four Things To Do to Increase One’s Level of Contentment and Happiness Essay

The learned Viktor Frankl contends that â€Å"chance decides what happens but we decide how to take it† (cited in Southwick, et. al. , 2006, p. 162). For someone who has been through the most tragic circumstances of human existence, Frankl is surely someone who knows pretty well how happiness is to be pursued in one’s life. While it can be argued that happiness is a state of human living which cannot be singularly defined, we – human persons that we are – nevertheless know what brings it about or how it affects our general take of life. Pursuing Happiness All throughout One’s Life The basic thrust of this paper is to argue that our state of contentment or happiness is something that we human persons can always choose to pursue. By adopting Frankl’s philosophy, we can say that a person can always choose the path towards happiness against the backdrop of different life circumstances and issues that come with one’s lifespan development. First, one can always choose to discover his or her crafts, potentials and talents as a way to appreciate one’s giftedness and uniqueness. This is a very potent element that contributes well to one’s happiness; and this usually happens during one’s late childhood and adolescent stages. The discovery of our uniqueness gives us a sense of who we are. But even when, for instance, one is not gifted enough, one can still discover certain strains of uniqueness to be appreciated. This is crucial because it can give us an initial taste of our sense of directedness and purpose. Second, a person needs to choose the kind of relationships that work in order to attain a level of happiness as well. This is especially true for those who are at the early adulthood stage. Growing up, it would be normal to feel that we need someone to complete us; and finding that suitable someone is notably crucial for this stage. Many people end up either unhappy or miserable because they did not either take the courage to pursue a person whom they love or feel powerless to break free from relationships that just do not work. But finding true happiness is about choosing the right relationships that could nurture, and not defeat life. Third, in order to secure happiness, one must always face life-crises with a brimming sense of optimism. This surely is a case of no little importance, as it is not uncommon to learn that many middle-agers suddenly lose their sense of meaning at a time when life-crises emerging from home and workplace start to take their toll. Crises, it needs to be remembered, cannot be avoided. But they are defining moments that can either make or break us. Increasing one’s state of happiness during these poignant moments therefore necessitates a commitment to hope – i. e. , one faces life problems with a sense of optimism. If one can face problems convinced that he or she can successfully get out of it, then it is like facing a battle half-winning it already. Fourth, one can look at his or her life under the lenses of accomplishment and gratitude so as to be happy. This especially applies to those who are in the twilight of their lives. When one becomes bitter every time he or she looks back at the past, it effectively robs a person with a sense of contentment and happiness. Instead, looking back at life with eyes fixed on the accomplishments and blessings that one has done or received in his or her life surely elicits an incomparable sense of contentment, happiness and pride. Conclusion This paper therefore concludes that a person is always empowered to make a choice in order to increase his or her level of contentment or happiness. In any lifespan development or stages, the choice to uphold sense of happiness is always a concrete possibility; i. e. , we can always choose to discover one’s giftedness, choose the relationships that could make us happy, choose to face life-crises with hopefulness and choose to be thankful in our lives. In the final analysis, it must be ultimately argued that we are the ones responsible for our own happiness.

Censorship, Media Manipulation, And Betrayal - 957 Words

In George Orwell’s novel, 1984, he incorporates the major themes of censorship, media manipulation, and betrayal. The citizens of Oceania are constantly bombarded with different forms of propaganda, including the posters stating â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING† and the Party’s slogans, â€Å"WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, and IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH.† Giant telescreens constantly run streams of propaganda in hopes of making the Party appear superior to the Brotherhood. According to Big Brother, sexual interactions should be kept to a minimum and only occur to populate and produce more Party supporters. The Party strongly encourages the children of Oceania to join the Junior Spies, an organization that brainwashes them to report their parents or guardians if they feel they are being disloyal to the Party and Big Brother. Nothing is private in the territory of Oceania; technological mechanisms, such as small microphones and helicopters acting as drones, are installed throughout to constantly monitor its members. As media manipulation evolves and the citizens become further brainwashed, individuals have a big decision to make, whether to rebel against the Party or betray their old ways of life. The people of Oceania cannot express their true thoughts, emotions, and feelings about the Party for the fear that the Thought Police will catch and turn them in. These negative thoughts obviously exist, but not many individuals are willing to stand up for what they believe in and who theyShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Culture Of Terrorism1518 Words   |  7 Pagesworld culture of terrorism that is used by propaganda and censorship to blur the politics of globalization and technology, and restructure a totalitarian society. 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