Saturday, December 28, 2019

Definitions And Classification Of The American Nurses...

According to Keenan (1999), standardized nursing language is a â€Å"common language, readily understood by all nurses, to describe care† (p. 1 2). The American Nurses Association (ANA) has 13 recognized standardized nursing terminologies that support nursing practice. The following are the terminologies and the year they were recognized. 1. NANDA-I: nursing diagnosis, definitions and classification : 1992 2. Nursing intervention classification system (NIC) : 1992 3. Clinical care classification system (CCC) formerly home health care classification system (HHCC) : 1992 4. Omaha system: 1992 5. Nursing outcomes classification (NOC) : 1997 6. Nursing management minimum data set (NMMDS) : 1998 7. Perioperative nursing data set (PNDS) : 1999 8. SNOMED CT : 1999 9. Nursing minimum data set (NMDS) : 1999 10. International classification for nursing practice (ICNP): 2000 11. ABC codes: 2000 12. Logical observation identifiers names and codes (LOINC) : 2002 13. Patient care data set (PCDS) :Show MoreRelatedStandards Terminology Paper : Nursing Intervention Classification And The Nursing Outcome Classification1493 Words   |  6 Pages Standards Terminology Paper Elizaveta Pavlenko Frostburg State University Preface In standards terminology paper one patient’s assessment will be presented along with Nursing Diagnosis, Nursing intervention Classification and the Nursing Outcome Classification. In conclusion part of the paper, the summary of these systems will be provided. Clinical Encounter Mary Smith, Female, 56 years old, presented to Emergency Department with abnormal Chest Xray, fever, chills and generalized weaknessRead MoreStandards And Terminology Assignment : Nursing1630 Words   |  7 Pagesis critical to implement standards for nursing terminology. The Center for Nursing Classification and Effectiveness (CNC) is the organization responsible for ongoing research and development of the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcomes Classification (â€Å"Center for Nursing Classification and Effectiveness†, n.d.). The Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcomes Classification, â€Å"are standardized nursing terminologies focused on nursing treatments and patientRead MoreThe Classification Of E M Services1308 Words   |  6 Pagesservices performed by the APRN. The American Medical Association (AMA) establishes, maintains, and copyrights the CPT codes. The ï ¬ ve-digit number allocated to each code indicates a par ticular service or procedure. CPT codes provide a consistent description of the services rendered that is shared between medical practitioners, patients, and third parties. CPT codes dictate the amount of reimbursement to be paid to the APRN (Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society, 2012). According to the DepartmentRead MoreImproving Patient Outcomes For Nurses1005 Words   |  5 PagesThere are several standardized terminologies in the nursing practice. Some of these are the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). I have selected a patient scenario that will further explain these elements. There was a 27 year old man that was admitted to the hospital one week after a chemotherapy session, he had a fever of 102.5F, his white blood cell count was 0.3, and his absolute neutrophilRead MoreStandardized Nursing Language : A Nursing Vocabulary1539 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Systems in Healthcare July 2017 Running head: INFORMATION SYSTEMS PAPER 1 INFORMATION SYSTEMS PAPER 6 Standardized Nursing Language: A Nursing Vocabulary The National Association of School Nurses (NASN) states that standard nursing languages (SNL) are essential communication tools to assist in the planning, delivery and the evaluation of quality nursing care (Lundberg, 2008). Using a standardized nursing language for documentingRead MoreA Nursing Process Approach to Malignant Melanoma1155 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Policy is the most current definition of nursing that reflects the evolution of professional nursing. It defines nursing as: Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations (ANA, 2003). In theory and practice, the focus of nurses is on the response of the individualRead MoreObesity : A Health Policy Issue1153 Words   |  5 Pagespeople to consume more food. There has been a dramatic increase in the size/portion of the American diet and the content has shown increased portion of carbohydrates and reduced dietary fiber (Hong T., Glazer G., 2005). Although the aim was to ensure that there was food production enough to feed the nation, the down side includes increased prevalence of Diabetes (Gross L. F., Liu, 2004). ISSUE DEFINITION Obesity is quickly emerging as a major epidemic in the United States of America, partiallyRead MoreLeadership And The Graduate Nurse Role1144 Words   |  5 Pages Leadership and The Graduate Nurse Role Meha Patel South University â€Æ' Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role Leadership is a core competency in the field of advanced practice nursing (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy, O’Grady, 2014). Graduate level nurses exercise leadership across four major spheres including nursing profession, clinical practice environments, health policy, and at the system level. This paper provides and analysis of the author’s leadership style and attributes, a descriptionRead MoreFamily History Of Personality Disorders757 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ DEFINITION- Condition where the client disregards others feelings and behaves upon impulse to benefit themselves, without remorse for emotion/physical damages down to others. †¢ POSSIBLE CAUSE- According to Mayo Clinic: Cause is not yet identified. It is believed: †¢Brain damage may induce this disorder †¢Genetics may influence susceptibility †¢ RISK FACTORS- Childhood abuse or neglect Family history of personality disorders Diagnosis of other personality disorders †¢ SIGNS/SYMPTOMS- AccordingRead MoreHcs/533 - Definition of Terms Essay829 Words   |  4 PagesDefinition of Terms Technology today has revolutionized the health care realm, as technology evolves so does the environment promoting quality care for that in need. This presentation will explain multiple abbreviations needed to translate and describe AMR, CMR, CMS, along with CMS – 1500, and CPT. Also, explore the meaning of DRG, EPR, HL7, ICD – 9 codes, and UB – 92. MAR Medication administration record is a system put in place to document the administration of medications order verbally or

Friday, December 20, 2019

Columbine Columbine High Columbine - 927 Words

Eighteen years ago on April 20, 1999, two students identified as Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold besieged Columbine High School in Colorado. Infamously known now as the Columbine Massacre, it was, at the time, â€Å" the worst school shooting in U.S. history† (Obmascik, 1999, para. 1) with 15 causalities including the perpetrators themselves. Despite occurring in a small town in Colorado, the event shook the entire country. The shooting became a national ordeal as America watched the murders being broadcast[ed] locally and nationally on live television (Obmascik, 1999, para. 12). Moreover, as news outlets continuously published reports on the massacre, information unraveled and a story developed in real time. The events in Columbine gardened†¦show more content†¦8) Subsequently, eighteen years later the general public knows now that there were 15 causalities and 28 wounded as a result from Columbine. However, during the mayhem, many police officials were unable to determine the body count, as there were still active bombs within the school. It is also important to note, Obamsick is careful to report that the official death toll was not released until the morning of the articles publication. Student witnesses described the perpetrators dressed in black trench coats and masks that aimed their attacks at minorities and athletes before opening fire randomly. The article’s inclusion of accounts from the perpetrators’ peers particularly drew in audiences. High school senior Rachel Erbert described witnessing victims being shot: I saw (a teacher) on the floor bleeding from everywhere. He was trying to direct kids, but he couldn t talk, said Rachel Erbert, a 17-year-old senior. It was really scary. Kids were falling, and you d help them up. I thought I might get shot. (Obmascik, 1999, para. 13) Through the utilization of the eyewitnesses, audiences were able to visualize with vivid imagery what it was like to be in the midst of it. With the majority of the country asking why the shooting occurred, the Obmascik highlights many warning signs through the use of their witnesses. The article includes reports asking students ifShow MoreRelatedThe Columbine High School Massacre2062 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican life was changed forever as the news broke of what would come to be known as the Columbine High School Massacre. Immediately reporters and psychologists alike began to ask the question; why? What could cause Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, eighteen and seventeen respectively, to go off the deep end and commit one of the worst mass shootings in history? Both seniors had less than two months left in their high school career, why would they choose to commit this crime instead of graduating, movingRead More Columbine High School Essay2872 Words   |  12 PagesCOlumbine High S chool On the morning of April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold approach Columbine High School, in Jefferson County, Colorado. Armed with one 10-shot Hi-Point model 995 carbine rifle, one Intratec AB-10 (TEC-9) pistol, two Savage 12-gauge shotguns, and as many as ninety-five explosive devices, Harris and Klebold enter the school near the cafeteria. Upon doing so, they are met with the words that God commanded unto Moses on Mount Sinai: Thou Shall Not Kill. Harris and KleboldRead MoreThe Columbine High School Massacre1333 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past 30 years there have been a lot of events that have had an impact on the development of crisis intervention. One that really sticks out is the Columbine High School massacre. This event occurred on April 20, 1999 in Littleton Colorado. â€Å"On this very sad day two seniors Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris carried out a full blown assault on the school during school hours with hundreds of kids and teachers present† (Levy, 1999). These two had a plan to kill as many people as they possibly couldRead MoreColumbine High School Shooting: Why Did Columbine Occur1802 Words   |  8 PagesColumbine High School Shooting: Why did Columbine occur and what can be learned from it? Table of Contents: Part A: Identification and Evaluation of Sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Part B: Investigation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Part C: Reflection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Part A: Investigation and Evaluation of Sources: This investigation will explore the question: â€Å"Why did Columbine happen and what can be learned from it?†. This investigationRead MoreColumbine Shooting : A High School1575 Words   |  7 PagesPrep 1 18 April 2017 The Columbine Shooting On April 20, 1999, tragedy struck a Colorado high school. It started out as an ordinary spring day in Jefferson County, but it soon turned horrific. â€Å"The tragedy began at approximately 11:10 a.m. on that sunny Tuesday,† (Gimpel 27), right around lunchtime. No one could have anticipated the events that would soon follow, devastating the otherwise average suburban town. The lives of the students of Columbine High School and their families wouldRead MoreThe Columbine High School Massacre890 Words   |  4 PagesIn later years, the Columbine High School Massacre reflected tales of adolescents captured by darkness where they took part in an evangelical youth movement (Pike 647). This movement caused an uproar in legislation involving church and state (Pike 647). The massacre also effected public school dress codes and behavior policies, and most importantly, shaped Americans’ reasoning about teens deviance and normality (Pike 647). September 2006, six years later, Dawson College in Montreal had an incidentRead MoreThe Columbine High School Massacre Essay1938 Words   |  8 PagesThe topic that I have chosen to do my research on is that of Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold who are infamously known for their rolls in the Columbine High School Massacre that occurred in 1999. I choose this incident for my research based on the amount of school place violence that is being seen more and more rampant in today’s society. This paper will cover the background and events of that horrible day, the individual break down of both Harris and Klebolds demographics, define the crime committedRead MoreThe Columbine High School Shooting1529 Words   |  7 Pagesmoment- and allowing them to move together and reinvent the rules and techniques; readjusting and shifting until something that works is sealed into standard procedure. From turmoil and hurt, humanity corrects itself and grows. Of these events, the Columbine High Sch ool shooting comes to many as one that completely morphed America s culture and sense of security. The assault was carried out by Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, students of the school and close friends. They had nourished the idea, feedingRead MoreThe Columbine High School Massacre1384 Words   |  6 Pagesdate of your book. Columbine, Dave Cullen, 2009. What is the primary topic with which this book deal? The Columbine High School massacre, including the shooting, investigation and aftermath, is the primary topic of this book. Give a summary of the book (4-6 Sentences). Eric Harris, an undiagnosed psychopath, and Dylan Klebold, a depressive, strategically planned and placed bombs in their school, Columbine High School, and cars, but the explosives did not detonate. The Colorado high school seniors shotRead MoreColumbine High School Shooting Shootings1147 Words   |  5 PagesColumbine High School Shooting On April 20th, 1999 in Jefferson County, two seniors started a school massacre at Columbine High School. The attackers names Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, both students were 17. There was extensive planning and a lot of major events that happened with the two before the shooting. When the attack was underway, a bunch of key events took place inside the school. Then, the information that was found out after the whole incident, containing the skills and personalities

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Coloring In My Numbness free essay sample

Color is generally defined as the visual reflection of light off an object. For a maximum understanding of my essay, however, try to think about color as rather a feeling or a state of being. When a person is sad, we say he feels blue. The first color to come to thought with anger is generally a bright red. In the occurrence of traumatic events, the human brain has the extraordinary power to shield itself from the overwhelming colors with grey. Grey is a lack of color and for our purpose a lack of feelings: numb. My story is that of a colorblind woman learning to see. My first glimpse of color transpired at the Humane Society. It was somewhat of a glittering, pale pink that occurred as Joe, a seven-year-old Rottweiler mix with flea-bitten ears and a scabbed neck from life on a chain wagged his tail for the first time. We will write a custom essay sample on Coloring In My Numbness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hope, I believe is what it’s called. Then there was the time Larry, the aging cashier at the Shell gas station said for the hundredth time â€Å"Tea’s on me today, Bracelets,† And I felt earnestly orange. This was not the smile that I’d used countlessly on my family, my friends, at parties, at school. This smile was happy. One night I showed the scars littering my hips and wrist to a boy and instead of cringing or questioning he leaned down and kissed them. That color’s a tough one to describe. Poets have been falling short of it for centuries. Little things triggered small bouts of color. These were soon overpowered and washed away by the bleakness until I was able to remember what it was like to see the world saturated in intensity. I remembered it’s better that way. It was hard at first, trying to adjust my mind to it. I was so accustomed to hearing good news and forcing a smile. So used to drowning the pain until there was none. I had to throw myself back into life, engaging my mind in every possible way. I spent more hours volunteering. I stopped faking emotions, stopped saying things I didn’t mean and most importantly, I let myself live. To live is something we define too loosely, I think. It’s not to breathe or talk or party. To live is to view every color at its brightest. Not all of the colors that I’ve learned to see again have been pleasant ones. There’s the dark green when I’m taking a test and don’t know the answer, the muck brown when I forget my self-worth. And red. There’s a red so bright it burns me when I see suffering that I can’t help. Contrasting colors create a neutral just as contrasting feelings create a balance. I’ve learned never to wish the pain away or we might just lose the happiness, too. Finding my way back to it, coloring in my numbness, has been one of the hardest and most rewarding experiences of my life.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Counter Reformation Essay Example For Students

Counter Reformation Essay In order to understand the Counter Reformation one must consider the political factors and motivators behind them as well as the belief factors when examining clashes with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church during 16th century experienced a reformation that was both politically and belief driven. The Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation allowed the church to clearly define its position, eliminate unchristian practices and examine its role in world. This paper will address the political motivators of the Counter Reformation, the unchristian practices that fueled corruption and the clearly defined religious concerns of reformers. It will establish that the use of patronage and nepotism ultimately undermined the spiritual piety of the church. Also, the movements that brought spirituality back to the church will be addressed along with those movements that led to separation from church. In detailing the events and character of this era and analyzing the outcomes of reform it will be concluded that the Counter Reformation was the beginning of a stronger church and an end to an era that quite possibly could have led to the dissolution of the Catholic Church. One must understand the political make up of the Catholic Church during this period prior to addressing the reforms to the church. The church was far more than a religious institution. The Catholic Church was supreme in Europe. The power of the pope was total and this was supplemented by the power the Holy Roman Emperor had as temporal defender of the Catholic Church. Even though the church had no determinate territory it was a state. It had a monarch as a pope, it princes in prelates and its subjects in Western Christendom. It had legislative assemblies in ecumenical councils, a constitution in cannon law, and fiscal agency in the Curia. It went to war, negotiated treaties and collected taxies. The church was the Holy Roman Empire with a stronghold throughout Europe. But this would quickly change. (www. History) At the time of the reformation there was great concern that the Old Church with all its history and tradition was in trouble. This concern came from both within the church and outside the church. Protestant and Catholic reformers alike were troubled by the corruption in the church and its inner workings. Reformers saw that the Christian faith had in many ways been taken captive by a religious system more interested in politics and social accomplishment than in following the example of Christ. They saw the church and its leadership filled with corruption and greed. The Renaissance popes who led the church were not spiritual leaders. Those at the top of the clergy were wealthy and lived lavish lifestyles. They indulged in nepotism, power politics and patronage. Furthermore, the priests at the bottom were poor and unable to administer to the multiple parishes in their charge. Thus it can be said that Counter Reformation was a response to a need for clarity in purpose. But also, one can also say that the Counter Reformation was a natural and necessary response to the Protestant reformation. Catholic reform was slow until after the Protestant Revolution began to make serious in roads upon the ancient faith. A variety of Protestant sects had made their ways into almost half the nations of the Europe by the 16th century. Catholics were dismayed by the great increase in unorthodoxy. Many claim that the Counter Reformation was initiated to win back lost souls. Thus it can be said that the Counter Reformation was a response to maintain and gain back the followers. (Bossy) There were a variety of movements that initiated reform within the church. The Catholic Church during the Middles Ages had lost much as a religious institution. During this period ignorance and corruption in the church was insidious. One only has to look at the church leaders in Spain as evidence. Some priest didnt even understand the Latin in the mass, monks kept concubines and clerics ran taverns and brothels. In response steps were taken toward reform as early as the end of the 15th century. This initial reform from within started as a grassroots effort by zealous monastic groups. Reformers like Cardinal Jimenez realized that the only way to succeed in the war against heresy was to reform the church. Jimenez devoted his life to reforming and educating the clergy. His work came on the heals of the Spanish Inquisition. Through his works the Spanish church by the time of his death in 1517 rested on a moral foundation of iron. Yet Christianity throughout the rest of Europe was sinking deeper into scandal and corruption. (103TL) Another initiative that led to reform was the revival of mysticism and monasticism. Both mysticism and monasticism gave the Churchs followers a more personal relationship with God. Actually one can look to Teresa of Avila as an example. Her reconversion to the faith led to the establishment of 17 convents of the Carmelite Order. Through her works a movement of Christianity arose that could be practiced and experienced from within the believer. This kind of reform was another factor why the Protestant movement did not take hold in Spain. Followers had faith that stressed personal devotion so why would they look to change faiths. (Bell and Sumner) Like Spain reform had begun in the churchs strong hold Italy prior to the Counter Reformation. There were reasons that Protestantism did gain the firm foothold it gained in the north. Most prosperous Italians were secularly and humanistically inclined and found little in the dour doctrines of the north to inspire a transfer of allegiance, they also saw Catholicism as a buttress of social order. The papacy was a cherished institution and the source of great wealth which few cared to see destroyed. Reform in Italy was largely motivated by monastic groups that were compelled to spread their religion and due good works. (103Simon ) The revival of Monasticism strengthened during the Counter Reformation. The reforming monasteries were known to address the social and religious needs of the masses. Orders like the Capuchins, the Theatines, and the Barbanites began to appear. Probably the most important new order was the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits were founded by the great reformer Ignatius of Loyola. The Jesuits emphasized obedience to Christ and the Church of Rome. They devoted themselves to service to God. The Jesuits were a highly selective order and they only welcomed those who spirituality reflected Loyola. One must be willing to engage in unquestionable obedience to the Pope in this order. The mission of the Jesuits was to educate the young, lead the Protestant back to Catholicism and take the Catholic message to the world. The Jesuit Order made the church stronger in that it brought back standards of Catholic priests. Their mission was huge, it was the whole world and their efforts led to the spread of Christianity outside of Europe. Their efforts strengthened the church and increased the number of followers. The renewed Church of the latter 16th Century was largely a product of the Jesuits. (Koch) Another group that favored reform was the humanists. The humanists were a scholarly group that was well versed on the Bible. They knew that the Catholic Church needed to reform from within if it was to look anything like what written about in the Book of Acts. Their concern was addressed through the working of Contarini. Battle Of The Sexes EssayIn order to maintain a following and to perform ones duties bishops who lived outside their dioceses were ordered to return. This was the end to pluralism and believers would have leaders in their dioceses. Celibacy for priest was upheld. The coverting would end. Bishops were ordered to eliminate abuses surrounding the granting of indulgences. This was clearly in reference to the corruption and Luther. Each diocese that did not have a university was to set up a seminary for training priests. This was to maintain the stronghold of the church and gain followers. To strengthen and direct the religious teachings the pope was to follow up the meetings with a catechism, a book of daily prayers for priests and an index of forbidden books that contradicted the faith . a commission composed a missal that standardized prayers and ritual of the mass. A reform that would clarify the teachings. All and all the most positive effect of the Council is that it did reform many of the church abuses. Religious orders returned to their rules, and new orders were founded to undertake the reform started by the council. Reform was achieved by the council of Trent but not unity. A strengthened church would be able to rebuild and grow. The council of Trent failed to reunite the followers of Protestant sects. The decisions for reform came too late and most of the decisions supported Catholic teaching. In addition, the period of the Council of Trent was marred by a revival of inquisition most notably in Spain. As one takes a closer look at the inner workings of the Council of Trent it is clearly evident that the proceedings were politically motivated by the papal authority. There was a difference of opinion about the function of the council, particularly between Paul and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who had been calling for reform for a long time. Spain had long since reformed, and was the only place in modern day Europe with little or no Protestantism. Charles expected the council to clean up the church, remove abuses etc. that he believed were causing the flow of Catholic defectors. Paul however, had no such wish. He believed that drawing up in black and white what was acceptable and what was heretical to the church, in defense to the Protestant attacks on Catholic beliefs. Although at the time it was agreed to look at both complaints simultaneously, as it turned out, Paul had little intention of looking at the issue of abuses. Because of this, Charles quickly lost interest in the council, meaning that there was now no France and no Spain attending the council, leaving the way open for the Pope to have a freer run of the council, which he did. He focused on the exact recording of Catholic beliefs; this was intended to force Catholics who sympathized with some Protestant beliefs, to decide one way or another whose side they were on. This is what it did, rather successfully. Paul was not interested in reaching any kind of compromise with the Protestants; instead he wished to oust them from the Church, as far as he was concerned, they were heretics, who would burn in hell for the rest of eternity. For him to compromise with them would be a heretical act in itself. Also ignored were the protests of Catholic humanist theologians, who had for some time believed that reform was necessary, and who also believed that with the arrival of the council, these matters would be addressed. This was not the case, and the theologians that attended the council to put across their point of view, were usually outmaneuvered by the council Legates, who although being mainly of an Italian nationality, were seen generally as neutral chairmen. These legates quite often employed Jesuit theologians to argue their cases for them. This was extremely effective; indeed, one could say that they were the reason that a lot of Protestant arguments never really got off the ground. (coursework. web) Another implication of Council of Trent was in the calling together of a council. Many believed like Luther that a council should be called to address issues concerning the papacy, not the pope addressing the issues. There had been great fear of conciliatory meetings prior to the Council of Trent because it was believed by the popes that the council would try to take papal control away from the Pope. And in all actuality the Council of Trent reflected this concern. The 270 bishops who attended the Council of Trent were mainly Italians which were a great bonus to the pope as they were under his control. So it can be said that what passed at Trent was what was acceptable to the Pope. The problem of patronage that was so evident in this society was actually playing a role in the Council of Trent. But that would change with a reformed church. Patronage is for the most part power-who gets it, who keeps it, and what they do with it. Power in this case is the control over the behaviors of others, and it may be derived from physical force, control over scarce economic resources, social prestige, or a mix of all of these. Patronage is an indirect for of power, a patron influences the behaviors of others in order in order to advance or withdraw benefits. The debt which his clients have allows the patron the ability to manipulate them; his control over their behaviors gives him power. (Kettering) In a society based on favors the Counter-Reformation was in some instances a shift of power. Prior to the Reformation the wealthy and privileged had the opportunity to place members of their families, kin into the clergy. Actually some patrons were able to expand their power through this method. For power and privilege were the driving forces of the Renaissance Italian society. During the Counter-Reformation after the Council of Trent a large shift in power occurred in Italy. The Pope who was once a large political figure in Italy had lost his political power but gained Religious Power. Patrons, who had dispersed kin as clergy members all over Italy, also lost power. Their power of placement of clergy was no longer allowed and bishops were given the choice of where clergy members should be located. The Political power that had once belonged to both the Pope and the Patrons had now been given to the sovereigns of the separated nations, who full well knew that in the Council of Trent their power would grow. The Council of was a turning-point in the Catholic Church. There was a certainty in practices and beliefs, the churchs foundation had been strengthened and there was a base to grow. Catholicism had reestablished itself and it was a force to be dealt with. By the end of the sixteenth century the Catholic Church was still making some serious reforms. This reform movement which extended into the seventeenth century raised moral and educational standards of the clergy. All inspired by the church with a new zeal and morale. One must conclude that reform was needed.